Literature and Society Essay

A general inhabitledge of the social and heathen setting in which a novel is written is important, for most novels reverberate the customs and values of a particular conjunction, often criticizing it. The Hertfordshire country townsfolk where the greater part of the novel is set is Longbourn, only a international mile from the market town of Meryton and 24 miles from London. The neighborhood around the Bennets is large, for they dine with 2 dozen different families, only three of which argon named. The Bennets guild is drawn largely from Meryton (which is the m another(prenominal)s background) rather than from the country (which is the fixs), for she is more sociable than her husband. Mrs. Bennet, however, is without social ambition except for her desire to prep be her daughters marry rich men. Pride and Prejudice is, thus, set among the rural shopping centre and upper classes who are landowners. None of the major characters works, for these moneyed classes live on the whole on their income from rents and inheritances.There are, however, petty distinctions among the landed classes, determined by the sum up of wealth possessed by the members. For instance, Miss Bengali and her sister flavour down on the Bennets because they are not as wealthy. Class distinctions in Jane Austens time were in fact very rigid. The land-owning aristocracy belonged to the highest wheel spoke of the social ladder, and all power was in their hands. Next in membership came the gentry. The reinvigorated, prosperous industrialists and traders ( corresponding Mr. Gardiner) were gradually rising as a class, but had stock-still not won the right to vote. The lowest in English society were the workers and laborers. For the women of the time, life was largely restricted to the home and the family. For the poor and the lower-class women, at that place was ample work in the home and in the fields to take them busy.But for the ladies of the landed upper-classes, life was one big round of dances, dinners, cards, and visits to friends and relatives. They were not required to do any househ white-haired work. Ladies, thus, lived a life of let off and leisure, mainly concerned with society, children, and marriage. By the nineteenth century, the upper classes no chronic arranged marriages. Instead, a female child was introduced to society (and eligible bachelors) at a reception hosted by a married woman who had herself been presented. Generally, a girl came out only after her elder sister was married. (No wonder doll Catherine is shocked when she hears that all of Elizabeths sisters produce started dating before she is wed.) Womens education in the nineteenth century was restricted to the daughters of a a few(prenominal) families of the upper classes. In most cases, it was thought to be a consume of time to educate girls. Rich and noble families (like that of Lady Catherine de Bourgh) engaged governesses for educating their daughters or sent them a mie n to boarding school, but most women were self-educated at home.Traveling in Jane Austens time was accomplished in horse-drawn carriages, and a familys social status was determined by its phase of carriage. Because carriages were slow, travel was limited. Communication of mail and news was to a fault slow, and there were no daily newspapers. As a result, the outside world does not job a part in Austens novels. Instead, she turns her attention in sum to the things she knew family and values.Essay on the connection between writings and society belles-lettres means any(prenominal)thing that is written for refreshing and inspiring the mind. It records the thoughts and skin sensess of great minds. It attracts in two waysthrough its matter and through its means. The matter must be such that those who read it are interested in some way. The manner must be such as will be lovely to the reader and adds to his fund of knowledge.We live in a society. That is, there are relations and in terrelation between men who live in the society. We like to hear about our fellow men who live in society, their thoughts and feelings, their likes and dislikes.Naturally, if we have the power of language to express the feelings, we are well on the way to creating literature. In other words, the subject matter of literature is society in some form or other. The poet expresses his feeling and we who read his poetry are interested and feel at one with him and ourselves. After all, society is this confederation of fellowship between man and man through communication that the poet or writer seeks.If literature expresses social sympathies, naturally it is ensnare to exercise some positive influence on our mind and attitude. Society reacts to literature in a living way. An inspiring poem creates general influence on society. It rouses our feelings and enthusiasm for welfare.Shelley has called poets the unacknowledged legislators of mankind. The function of a legislator is to lay down th e law, a settled course of action that men whitethorn follow. Poetry and literature generally do this in a quiet and unobtrusive way. Novels are known to have changed the direction of the human mind and set in motion trys that have altered our ways of life.The influence of literature on society is felt directly or indirectly. Thus Miss Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin was directly responsible for a movement against slavery in literature and life in USA of those days. The novels of deuce had an indirect influence in creating in society a feeling for regulating and removing social wrongs, calling for necessary reforms.Sarat Chandras novels have bypast a long way in breaking conservatism as regards women in our society. It is, however, clear that if we are interested in literature, and its influence is bound to move us amply. Literature is made out of the lore of life. No doubt, the realistic artist brings to a focus the oddities and cruder aspects of life overmuch. But to know life fully, n ot only the bright side but also the seamy and dark side of life is to be known.Thus, society creates literature. It may be described as the mirror of the society. But the quality and disposition of the reflection depends upon the writers attitude of mind, whether he is progressive in his outlook or reactionary.Naturally, conservative-minded writer will stress those aspects of social life, which vex the traditional ways of life in the best possible way. For example, he will set a high value on reverence for age-old ideals, respect for religion, chastity of woman and so on. On the other hand, a progressive writer will tend to show how old ideals act as restraints on the natural freedom of the human mind, cripple the free movement of man and women in an unrestricted atmosphere, set for liberating new ideals and moving society that looks forward to newer ways of life.

The Importance of Marriage

Running head spousal AS AN INSTITUTION The Importance of nuptials Ana Vertz PS301 Mrs. Kathy Erickson August 30, 2009 The Importance of Marriage From Colonial times to present mating has been an integral part of Ameri back tooth culture. The greatness is has been evident in that it is one of the few institutions that started with the country and is solace very popular. What makes labor union an grievous institution?This report card will converse the perceptions of the grandeur of marriage for custody and wo hands, peasantrens influence in the marriage dealinghip, the links between psychological suffering and warlike(a) departure, attitude towards same(p) sex marriages and the effects of cohabitation and marriage commit work repulset. The first section of this paper examines the importance of marriage from male and distaff perspectives.Research from the interior(a) Survey of Families and Households hinted the avocation trends men and women both feel that marriage is to a greater extent important to men women view marriage as optional for both men and women for having a satisfying life women atomic number 18 more(prenominal) possible to think that men cannot brook a satisfying life without marriage youthful and more educated individuals be less likely to put emphasis on marriage religious individuals and those espouse who have children predominantly more incline to think that men nor women can have fulfilling lives without the institution of marriage.Research from the National Survey listed above also suggests that men get a greater benefit from marriage than do women as landd below from a regard conducted on whether or not men need a spouse and the importance of marriage. In the name entitled Do manpower Need a Spouse more than Women? Perceptions of The Importance of Marriage for Men and Women the authors state As Nock (19983) states, Men reap greater gains than women for approximately every outcome affected by marriage. Resea rch results showing the greater benefit of marriage for men than for women on many dimensions, particularly fleshly and mental health (Bernard 1972 Grove 1973 Waite and Gallagher 2000), together with investigate has shown that women provide kin-keeping benefits to men by strengthening their relationships with their children and other relatives (Cooney and Uhlenberg 1990 Rossi and Rossi 1990), have led many to consider that it is men who need marriage more than women.This view is particularly customary among theorists of family who focus on its economic dimensions. By implication, they posit marriage to be a normal exhaustively for men but an inferior good for women when they argue that increased earnings lead men to buy onto family roles (Becker 1991 Cherlin 1992) small-arm women use theirs to buy out of marriage (Espenshade 1985 Westoff 1986). In many ship canal this query supports the fact that marriage meets the need of a man wear out than that of a woman.Next we will lo ok at research conducted from the female perspective. An excerpt from the same article states The growth of female labor force participation that accelerated in the 1960s (Goldin 1990), however, appe bed to many observers to undermine what were by then conventional reasons for women to marry (Westoff 1986). As a result, women were thought to be questioning the desirability of a domestic life (Friedan 1962) and coming to deliberate that womens marriage was less desirable than mens marriage (Bernard 1972).Feminist theory has reinforced the notion that women and men face very different experiences in the family life and hence have different experiences in family life and hence have different interests tete-a-tete family roles, which are said to favor men (Ferree 1990). The benefits of simply trading housekeeping for mens wages (the basis for the economic argument) have declined, given up the longer-term costs in terms of career development and the higher risks oblige by the increas e in divorce (Thomson and Walker 1995), and the fact that wives expect role has added employment to their traditional household tasks (Hochschild 1989 DeVault 1990).Hence, modern women may have had more reason than men to reevaluate what they might gain from marriage. These speculations are at least partially reinforced by some research that does suggest men expect to benefit more from marriage than do women. The analyses of shifting attitudes make it plausible that men place more importance on marriage than women. While most people believe that the married are happier than those who are not married, this belief is more likely to be held by men than women (Axinn nd Thornton 2000). Indeed, women are more likely to dissent than men that it is better to be married than single (Thornton and Young-DeMArco 2001). These gender differences suggest that women, at least, are less sure that marriage is important, and they are likely to be thinking more about their own situation as women than about mens. Therefore, we expect that in the 1990s, men and women will chit-chat marriage as more necessary for men than women.These considerations, together with the dearth of research that addresses the question of who needs to be married more, men or women, motivate our research (Kaufman and Goldscheider, 2007). The above referenced article shows evidence that the more learned put off marriage, have less children and view family roles as less important. (This is based in relation to expectations to themselves and their children living in earlier adulthood). Spiritual or religious associations have also been connected crossways a vast array of family domains with grater support for the family.These religious cultures encourage marriage, martial stability, especially non-approval of non-martial child bearing, and encouragement for traditional descriptions of marriage. In looking at the importance of marriage from the viewpoint of male and female research conducted for this pape r suggest that men and women view marriage as more important to men than women. (Kaufman and Goldscheider, 2007) Childrens Influence in the Marriage Relationship In the article Childrens Influence in the Marriage Relationship the research shows that there are reciprocal effects between children and marriage.The randy aegis theory suggests that photograph to martial conflicts improves childrens negative emotions, resulting in emotional in aegis. This emotional risk promotes childrens impulses to go between, run away from or in other forms lessens the occurrence of martial dissent. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The article goes on to state Attempts to void exposure to discord indicate that the goal of preserving emotional security us activated, serving as a mechanism by which children conserve or achieve emotional security.The first two aims of the present article are to investigate reciprocity between the child and the martial system, including enquiry of both the influence of martial conflict on the child and child mienal responses that influence martial functioning. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) From the research we can receive that children are more likely to be negatively impacted by martial discord. Many times the child resorts to mediation to help fix the problems. all overall the findings of my research showed that children engage in ways to by some means reduce discord between rears.This in return reduces the childs exposure family threats. Another demeanoral response is Behavioral dysregulation (i. e. , acts of verbal or physical aggression, misbehavior, or hurting oneself). Clinic literature indicates that discord in marriages corresponds to childrens behavior problems including aggressive behavior. Some have suggested that this behavior may show a taking on of the marriages problem to them self in demonstrating agentic behavior. This, from the childs perspective, woul d distract parents from marital difficulties giving the childs negative behavior a purpose to reduce martial discord over time. Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The study also showed the effects on psychological adjustment. An excerpt from the article states The triplet aim of this study is to examine relations between childrens behavioral responses to martial discord and their adjustment. In one of the few studies examining this link, Patenaude (2000) found that for girls who believed they could maintain interparental conflict by engaging in parent-protecting behaviors, higher martial conflict was associated with better adjustment.In contrast, for boys believing in a parentified role in the martial relationship, higher martial conflict was associated with more internalized sysmptoms, albeit non-significantly. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) The research I conducted on children next suggests that when children react in a proactive temperament to interparental discord by attempting to mediate, conflict in fact decrease over time.Even though negative behavior is a form of insecurity concerning the marriage relationship, the present study suggests that childrens usage of negative attitudes and behavior as a constructive coping strategy can real provide help towards reducing marital discord. In contrast to proactive behavior, childrens negative behavior was linked with more destructive interparental relations over a period of time. It is likely that these behaviors by children dont take their parents attention away from the marital discord but rattling contribute to it by increasing conflict.However the method of the childs associates is unsure. The outcome of a childs behavior may be best understood by looking at each situation. For example, parents who are able to see that the child is trying to help may be more inclined to decrease conflict. Its not that the child solves the parents dilemma, but that the childs actions allow the parent to see the childs suffering and discomfort. This may guide parents ability to solve problems than the childs ability to constructively sell with the situation.It is not suggested that children should become actively engaged in marital discord because there are findings that show childrens helping behavior can contribute to childrens depression. (Schermerhorn, Cummings, Mark, DeCarlo, Davies, Patrick, 2007) We will next discuss psychological inconvenience and martial conflict in the home. References Avery, A. , Chase, J. , & Johansson, L. (2007). Americas changing attitudes towards homosexuality, civil unions, and same-gender marriage 1977-2004. hearty Work, 52(1), 71-79. Fowers, B. , Lyons, E. , Montel, K. , & Shaked, N. (2001, March).Positive illusions about marriage among married and single individuals. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 95-109. Retrieved kinsfolk 01, 2009, doi10. 1037/0893-3200. 15. 1. 95 Kaufman, G. , & Goldscheider , F. (2007). Do men need a spouse more than women? Perceptions of the importance of marriage for men and women. Sociological Quarterly, 48(1), 29-46. Papp, L. M. , Goeke-Morey, M. C. , & Cummings, M. E. (2007). Linkages between spouses psychological distress and marital conflict in the home. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 533-537. Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , & Markman, H. J. (2006).Pre-engagement Cohabitation and Gender Asymmetry in Marital Commitment. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 553-560. Schermerhorn, A. C. , Cummings, M. E. , & DeCarlo, C. A. (2007). Childrens influence in the marital relationship. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(2), 259-269. Stolz, L. (1941, October). critique of Family BehaviorModern Marriage, and Modern Marriage. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36(4), 608-610. Retrieved September 01, 2009, doi10. 1037/h0052788 Neubeck, G. (1959, Sum). check out of Why Marriages Go Wrong. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6(2), 168-169. Re trieved September 01, 2009, doi10. 1037/h0039159

Doctor in the house Essay

Under our study the passage of the fib Doctor in the house written by a famous British author and an assistant editor of the British Medical Journal of the 20 th century Richard Gordon who worked also as a ships surgeon, provided left his medical checkup practice in 1952. The story Doctor in the house is one of Gordons twelve Doctor books and is noted for humourous exposition of a medical students years of nonrecreational training.Doctor in the house is not in reality intriguing agnomen for the story, merely, perhaps, this simplicity makes this story so attractive for an experienced commentator, who is able afterwardsward looking through passages to find extremely raise phrases, word combinations, unknown style of writing and etc. Speaking about the style of the story we depose say that it is autobiography. The plot of the passage is build round an mortifying inevitability, we mean the final examination of medical students. At the kickoff we dive in the meaning of t he final examination in medical universities. Here we meet the main character who is the young author at the same time.Trying to pass his exams the author managed to pass his true emotions and effects before, during and after exams. What is more, Gordon gives us a brilliant systematic structure of the social types of citizenry using a little bit irony. Well, when young Richard knew his results, the whole valet de chambre stood still round him and everything was calm. We perceive so-called Happy End of the passage. In my opinion, in these pages we see a conflict which can be exposit as the conflict between man and fate. The person who saw many another(prenominal) examples during the examinations different styles of behavior, and he was find outting nervous about failing his chance. charge his friends told him that One doesnt fail exams. One comes down, one muffs, one is ploughed, draw or pipped. These infer a misfortune that is not ones own fault. To speak of failing is bad t aste. Its the same subject as talking about passing away and going preceding(prenominal) instead of plain dying. The general atmosphere of the extract is ironic. We can see it from the first sentence of the passage in a phrase an acerbic inevitability to be faced sooner or later. During the textual matter we see a lot of examples of the irony such as the description of the visiters in the waiting-room, the offset of passing exam in Cambridge and some others.This rhetorical device was utilize by Gordon to make his story lighter and funnier for the reader and, perhaps, future and still students of the medical examinations, and maybe not only for them but for all students who prep atomic number 18 themselves to any exam. May be in such case Richard Gordon wanted to attract our attention to the fact that we should enjoy with the process of studying and getting edication, and even exams which are very remarkable typeface for us every session&&&. Defining the style of the abstr act we can say that it is bright example of science fiction. Observing the authors vocabulary I can say it is very simple.The vocabulary is enough of colloquial words, but at the same time he used special terms, in my opinion it is used to show that as the fabricator is medical student, of course, he knew the medicine terms. What makes the authors language interesting there is a great number of epithets ( an unpleasant inevitability, fragrant cheating, forbid brilliance, imminent thunderstorm and others), simily ( exam like death, porters were like the policemen that flank the get in at the Old Bailey, candidate will come to the end of his interrogatory struggling like a cow in a bog), metaphors ( feeling if I had just finished an eight-round fight,Speaking about syntax I can say that it is quite varied from very simple sentences which are refer to very difficult sentences which transfer all features of oral conference (I started off confidentially, reeling out the lines of tr eatment and feeling much fall in). To sum up I want to say that I really like this story because a lot of ideas to think. The lesson from this passage is that you can get everything if you try hard, and you should always believe in good, but to be nimble to the worst, as Russsian proverb said.

Displaced People

Myanmar is a bucolic located in Central Asia that has experienced massive refugee migration in the last two decades. The displacement of Myanmar nationals, specifically the Rohingya Moslem base, is mainly due to three factors. Firstly, these residents founder fled to other countries and even continents in order to avoid further conflict within the state (UNHCR 213). The genius of conflict is based on human rights abuses, while others are pertain on religious differences.It should be understood that Myanmar has been mainly run by the military for at least 30 geezerhood and any malcontent acts against these forces immediately result in massive killings and other forms of persecution (UNHCR 59). In addition, the principles and beliefs of the Muslim Rohingya group are largely different from that of the military. Thus, to these refugees, migration appears to be the only event for safety and ultimately, survival. There are reports that describe entire villages burned grim by highl y aggressive members of the military.Two of the or so documented villages in Myanmar that admit experienced massive migration are the Kanyi and Karen villages. The closest country to Myanmar is Thailand and thus this attached country has seen a great influx of refugees in the last a few(prenominal) decades. Thailand has been very supportive to displaced Myanmar nationals as they fully assist in providing nourish to these helpless individuals. Unfortunately, refugees from Myanmar often reach Thailand in a very hapless state, as they have traveled by foot or by sea for several days or weeks to simply cross the border.To date, at that place are approximately 200,000 Myanmar refugees who currently reside in camps around Thailand, with most of them having settled there almost 20 years ago. other Myanmar refugees have prevaild to Bangladesh for temporary shelter, as there were particular groups in this country that has close linguistic ties with Myanmar. By the 1990s, approximate ly 270,000 refugees have been documented to move out of the northern state of Rakhine in Myanmar and were directed to two East Pakistani refugee camps, namely Nayapara and Kutupalong.The current government of Myanmar has earlier expressed their refusal to include the Rohingya group as their citizens and would only recognize this as an ethnic group. Fifteen years later, most of the Rohingya refugees have getting evened to Myanmar, yet a small portion of this people made up of around 26,000 refugees have continued to refuse to return to their home country. Since Bangladesh is also a developing country, the exile of these Myanmar citizens was not as simple as could be imagined.These refugees had to adapt to their new environment for the near 15 years and eventually, through the help of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, these individuals were transferred to Ontario, Canada. Other Myanmar refugees have also been reported in Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines and th e United States. another(prenominal) actor for displacement of Rohingya Muslims is political, wherein this indigenous group was poorly treated simply for the background that they have are considered to have no social status in Myanmar.The military government considers this group at stateless and that they have no capacity to pay for the issuance of Myanmar identification cards, which is the requirement for citizenship in the country. Another cause for displacement of Myanmar nationals is environmental disaster, such as the tsunami that was generated after an quake that occurred in the Pacific Ocean in 2004 (UNHCR 11).The strong waves emanating from the earthquake resulted in a tsunami that left Myanmar, India, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries under peeing for several months. Myanmar residents were thus pushed to move to higher ground and farther from the sea, in order to avoid any additional effects that may throw in after that strong earthquake. The tsunami of 200 4 has resulted in the migration of the Myanmar nationals to neighboring countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh and Malaysia.

Online Grading System Essay

Computer technology has become an essential tool in the current human race. Computers serve as efficient data retentivity systems and excellent teaching processors. It can store, organize and manage huge measurement of data. Moreoer, it operates on incomparable speeds, thus saving human term and thrust to a large extent. True, computers be an integral part of the lives of the stack today. It say that inventions change the representation people live. Computer technology is a classic example of this adage. It has indeed changed the way of living of the people all over the world.In essence, grading is an exercise in professional judgment on the part of instructors. It involves the collection and evaluation of students achievement or performance over a specified period of time, such as one month, a semester, or entire instill year. Through this process, various types of descriptive information and measures of students performance are converted into grades that summarize stud ents accomplishments.The increasing usage of computers gave way for the birth of a new technological systemal advancement that had assisted teachers to advantageously compute for grades, the digitization of spreadsheets. The main advantage is speed, since no manual calculations are geted, and confirmation of grade for any further necessary alterations can also be performed more quickly than traditional representation. Managing grades had become easier for instructors when using electronic spreadsheets1.With the advancement of information technology, the Internet suddenly became an important aspect for local anaesthetic and global connectivity. Because the computers around the globe were logically connected through the Internet, communication had been easier with the use of E-Mail, message boards and other communication programs. As the technologys complexities and bandwidth arise, so does the need for software to utilize them. From basic text and images, existence pushed el ectronic network sites to include tools for specialized services. The need to inject applications to the fundamental web pages gave birth to server-side scripts like PHP, and database applications like MySQL.Thus, having an online system for a particular caller-up, means having advantages, advantages like having to visit the own website whenever wanted with comfort and without having to walk yourself to the company itself.The current equalisation placement of Asian breeding understructure College is through with(p) manually. The researchers observed that the current aforementioned system allocates a can of time before having to submit the grades of the students from the teachers.The posting and enchanting of grades in Asian Development Foundation College is also manually processed. The teachers go through a lot of computations for each of their students grade which causes a lot of military campaign and consumes time as well, then after computing the grades, the teachers the n presents the grades to the school administration of Asian Development Foundation College to provide it for the students. The students get out take for to wait for their teacher to finish computing their grade and provide need to go to school to ask for their grades.So if there would be a much easier way in posting the grades by the teachers and viewing the grades by the students, it is through an Online System. The researchers proposed an Online Grading System of Asian Development Foundation College so that the submission and viewing of grades would be much easier.It is far more comfortable for a student to visit a website of their school and is able to view their grades through online without any hassle. Moreover, it is very less stressing for the teachers to just input the grades of the students through online without computing manually.So if an Online Grading System for Asian Development Foundation College would be directed, then the process of submitting the grades of the students by the teachers would be easier and less stressing. Because the teachers will not have to compute manually anymore, the Online System will be the one to compute the grades once inputted. And the students of Asian Development Foundation College will be able to see their grades through online. Statement of the botherThe proposed Online Grading System is exclusively intented for Asian Development Foundation College Tacloban city. It aims to upshot the following 1. What are the problems encountered by the respondents on the present Grading System of Asian Development Foundation College(High School Department)? 2. What system will be proposed to lessen the problems with regards to the Grading System of the institution?3. What are the inputs essential to develop an Online Grading System of the Aforementioned institution? 4. What are the assessment of the respondents on the developed Online Grading System of in terms of a. Contents? b. improvement? Theoretical Framework As s aying knowledge is power. Gagne suggest that encyclopedism tasks for intellectual skills can be organized in a power structure according to complexity procedure following, the use of terminology, discriminations, concepts formation, rule application and problem solving.The primary significance of the hierarchy is to identify prerequisites that should be complete to quicken learnedness at each level. Doing a task analysis of knowledge and training task identifies prerequisites. acquirement hierarchies provide a basis for the sequencing of instruction. Learning strategies refer to methods that students use to learn. These ranges from techniques for improved memory to better studying. The method of logic is a classic memory improvement techniques, it involves in making associations between facts to be think backed in a particular location. In order to remember you have to visualize place and associated facts.Some learning strategy involves changes to the design of the instruction . For example, the use questions before, during or after instruction has been shown to increase the degree of learning that occurred have called mathemagenic.Information Processing Theory, this concept of information processing states that this supposition is primarily concern with the study of memory and on the evaluation of information. equivalent computer the human mind takes in information and performs operation when needed and retrieval. Having accurate information in conducting the study will help in the process evaluation primary concern. The researchers in getting information to their flee area that will be needed as the study continues have applied the theory2.Constructivism Theory views that knowledge is not close to the world and rather constitutive of the world. Knowledge is not a fixed about the individual through his practice of the object constructs it. A person who has the detailed knowledge of a certain activity is so much important. When people work collabor atively in an authentic activity they bring their own theoretical account and perspective to the activity. They can see the problems form different perspective and are able to negotiate and generate meaning and solution through dual-lane understanding3.Elaboration Theory of Instruction deals with the macro level of instruction. It is primarily concerned with the sequencing of ideas as opposed to the individual ideas themselves and examples relating to them. The sequencing of ideas relates to fundamental and representational ideas or nubble principles. This theory serves as foundation from which more specific maybe developed. This is applicable to the researchers study because this ideas with the analyzing of the program4. Conceptual FrameworkThe basis for conceptualizing the Online Grading System of Asian Development Foundation College which is proposed by the researchers is that it can help envision the elbow room that the aforementioned system would be heading to.

Inequality in the Workplace, Still- Harriet Martineau

inconsistency in the Workplace, Still. HARRIET MARTINEAU Harriet Martineau, the founding mformer(a) of sociology, was a very accomplished female. She was, among other things, a womens liberationist, Unitarian, critic, affectionate scientist, and an atheist. She began many methodological, theoretical and substantive studies that would now be considered the study of sociology. She analyzed wowork forces rights, disability, education slavery, history, health and religion within her demeanortime. Long before Marx, Weber, or Durkheim, Martineau similarly studied and wrote virtually social class, suicide, forms of religions, domestic relations, delinquency, and the status of women (Gordon). Her neglect by sociologists in later old age is a perfect example of how academic sociology has excluded women sociologists from its study. Martineau stated that, an American womans life is exist to that of a slaves, (in that) they were both given indulgence rather than justice. (Berleant) Harr iet saw that women were denied education and had only one option and duty in the get together States marriage.Her attitude towards the injustice of women would most suit the feminist theory which focuses on analyzing sexual practice difference and promotes womens rights, interests and issues. A recent incident, showing the in peerity women still face today, occurred when a female was denied equal treatment at the workplace causing a sex favoritism lawsuit. Monday March 15th, 2010, a federal approximate announced a $2. 5 million discrimination verdict in favor of Michelle Maher, who was forced come out of the closet of the Fresno burning departments training academy.Maher, a single mother, former professional mixed-martial arts fighter and certified EMT with 13 certificates in firefighting skills, was clearly qualified for the transmission line at hand but apparently the fire training academy supervisors continuously focused on asking her personal questions and setting he r up to fail certain tasks while unfairly grading her exam. Maher sued the Fire discussion section in 2008 due to the discrimination she faced. Maher says, A supervisor repeatedly asked about my divorce and suggested that I was not giving my full effort in the academy because I was a single mother (Ellis).She was also told that because she scored below an 80% on a midterm, she would have to resign or be fired from the academy, therefore she resigned. After the three-week trial last fall, jurors said they believed Maher was not given adequate time to prove herself at the academy. They felt the evaluations were scratchy since the men in the academy were given extra chances to improve in weak areas and nobody from the Fire segment could pinpoint the department standards (Ellis). It is probably that Maher will win her lawsuit and the city of Fresno will have to endure $2. 6 million plus another million for attorney fees. The judge concluded that the evidence was very substantial i n Mahers favor. Martineau suggested change womens position in the workforce including education, nondiscriminatory employment and training programs. She also promoted womens admission into medical school and the importance of physical physical fitness and exercise for girls and women (Soc, 10) In this case, Martineau was right on queue with the goals Maher set in working with the Fire Department.Maher was qualified physically and academically but alas faced discrimination. The feminist theory concerning gender inequality and sexuality sees gender stratification as benefiting men and the capitalist system. Sexuality is linked to gender inequality and that male dominance is especially harmful because it results in men controlling womens sexual behavior (Soc, 172). If Maher had applied to another profession, trance for her sex, her personal business and lower test grade wouldnt be an issue.For her to apply for a mans job, was bold and daring and unneeded actions to prove she was inadequate was a poor risk the Fire Department chose to play. All feminists agree that men and women should be valued equally, women should have more(prenominal) control over their lives and gender inequality can be remedied by changing political, economic, family and other institutions as well as everyday interactions, attitudes and behaviors (Soc, 172) assortment needs to occur and gender equality is possible through equal civil rights and opportunities.Women have been internalized to achieve the womanly roles based on gendered socialization. pedagogics young girls how to be passive and maternal while promoting boys to take on the dominant roles and taught to strive to achieve educational and career success is how the gender inequality begins. Martineau was raised in a Unitarian community which counsel on rationalism, individualism and democracy. Amazingly Martineau, along with her seven brothers and sisters, received equal education until college when it came time for a highe r education for the boys only.Being the feminist that she was, she wrote an anonymous article, On Female Education for a Unitarian ledger expressing Womens intellectual inferiority to men is based on womens lack of amiable training, others expectations of women, and womens circumstances rather than womens ability (Berleant). Later her brother found out she wrote the article and said, Now, dear, leave it to the other women to make skirts and darn stockings, and you devote yourself to this (Webster. du). And indeed, Martineau was articled to become is monumental figure in sociology and to feminist history. Mahers skills exceeded the qualifications for the Fire Department but the one opportunity she wasnt given was the whirligig for her demise. In the end, Id say she won, since she made her voice hear and was awarded some major bank from her lawsuit Work Cited Benokraitis, Nijole V. Soc + Review cards + Bind-in Printed Access Card. Wadsworth Pub Co, 2009. PrintBerleant, Riva. Harri et Martineau Biography and Bibliography. Brycchan Carey Home Page. 2004 Web. 18 Mar. 2010. . Gordon, Marshall. Martineau, Harriet. A Dictionary of Sociology. 1998. Encyclopedia. com. 18 Mar. 2010. Harriet Martineau. Webster University. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. . Ellis, John. Ruling Backs Womans Suit against Fresno Fire Dept. covering fire Fresno and the San Joaquin Valley in Central California Fresno Bee. 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Qualities of a good leader Essay

Whenever and wheresoever hu patch beings are gathered together in large numbers, they imply leadinghip. Even children need their school prefects and schools captains Armies need Generals. Civilians need govern custodyts, captains of industry and bright drawing cardship of thought as well. Men whether of the East or the West, exact to be led and each group throws up its own leadership in each succeeding generation. Whether in the school-room, or on the theatre of operations or in governmental deliberations, people who are natural leaders and who are chosen to lead, always lay down the same qualities of character and of out number.In the first place, it is the personal qualities that count for most, in another(prenominal) words, the personality. A leader, in any location, moldiness be someone who nominate be looked up to and respected. His personal judgment moldiness be trusted and he must be able to evoke whap and warmth from those he leads. So the, the first quality of a leader is that he must have the ability to win over mens hearts.Secondly, he must have intellectual control over his followers and a heading that is capable of assimilating what is truthful and what is right and then of exerting this over others. It is useless, no matter what personal qualities or what intellectual prowess a man may have, if he lacks the initiative and the will to lead and to rally men around him. He must besides, in his search for truth, have striking powers of concentration.Again, a leader must possess this mysterious thing we retrieve character or strength of will, clarity of mind, tenacity and determination. In other words character is knowing what you want to do and being ruthlessly determined to do it.Men and women will not follow a gloomy person Therefore a kind sense of liking and a sense of optimism are two other essential qualities of a good leader. He must also, not only be a good judge of thins and of events, but of people too, so that he can sele ct good subordinates. He must also show and fare such virtues as self-control, temperance and moderation, so that not only his body, but also his mind are always at their best, healthyand sharpen like finely tempered steel.There is, too the good leader and the bad leader, of which Hitler, is a striking example of bad leader because it is likely to have all the qualities of leadership without the most important one of all. This is a moral sense of right and wrong and the right kind of love which is emphasized in many of the worlds great religions. This is true not only of international figures like Adolf Hitler, but also in smaller figures. The gangs of youths, typical of both East and West, whose members are led to force play and lawlessness are invariably led and inspired by leaders without a moral sense of right and wrong.The final test of a good leader is, of course, the question Do men follow him? The dissolve will be Yes if, combined with strength of character, the ability to evoke love, a clear brain and a fair minded outlook, he also has a knowledge and respect for truth, honesty and fair play. Such a man surely possesses the spark of leadership and men will look up to him and follow him.

Barilla Spa – Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY saltwort SpA, worlds largest manufacturer of pasta base in Italy is experiencing thorough command variableness resulting to operational inefficiency and annexd embody. To combat the key issues utter my decision is to implement the Just In Time dispersal (JITD). This newfangled formation, contrary to current system kali has will eliminate Bullwhip exertion and spr come on discloses by having centralized selective information, there will be selective information transp arncy between kali and distributors.Distributors will provide actual gross revenue data which will be the basis of forecasting and proceeds thereof increasing in efficiency in operation and alleviating stock extinct among distributors. JITD will calculate to improved supplier-customer relationship which in the long brave can be perceived as a win-win posture. Internal opposite coming from Sales and Marketing will be resolved by involving the top management and by presenting the be nefits of the JITD in figures and by emphasizing that reference of Sales police squad in JITD is of paramount to the implementation.External resistance will be combated by thorough discussion presenting the long term benefits of all parties involved. death penalty of JITD as soon as possible will position glasswort on even stronger pasta producer and will potentially increase growth rate of the company resulting from increased business efficiencies and skipd price. barilla can collect a pilot elude on the DO (Distribuzione Organizzata) where gross sales representatives functions are dominant, sales representatives are one of the key factors on the success of JITD implementation.Weekly shock between kelpwort and DO will pass on to take place for couple of months upon implementation to monitor its status. ISSUE acknowledgment A. Immediate Issue Because glasswort is facing extreme variability in demand week by week which causes operational inefficiencies, mellow enrolm ent and stock outs, Maggiali is fighting for the implementation of Just In Time Distribution (JITD) system despite of the internal objection from Sales and Marketing team and external resistance from distributors. B.Systemic Issues Poor Forecasting system character StrategicTiming petty term & Long term Most distributors like GDs and DOs ticktock inventory levels and place orders with Barilla erstwhile per week using artless periodic review. They do not follow any forecasting stick they just do replenishment ordering without minimum/maximum quantity. Barilla has no visibility on actual data, their basis of exertion is per distributors information per week and this causes pressure on manufacturing & distribution team of Barilla. Too many an(prenominal) SKUs & High level of inventory Nature StrategicTiming Long term & fiddling term On dry growths alone, Barilla offers 800 SKU. Pasta is made in 200 different shapes and sizes and has more than 470 packaged SKUs. Typically dist ributors carry 150SKU out of 800 SKUs Barilla leaving high inventory on the CDC. There is high level of inventory across the image overall there is slightly 2 months of inventory on the entire supply chain at any given time. Frequent Trade Promotion leads to Bulk parliamentary law Nature Tactical Timing Short termBarilla has 10-12 canvass period which distributively corresponding to a promotional program. During the canvass distributor can pervert as much as he wants in order to inspection and repair the promotion and this is welcomed by sales representatives because their incentive is dependent on achieving sales goal for that canvass period. Barilla also offers volume discount and carry-over discount in full truck load order quantities. The situation leads to bulk ordering which causes demand fluctuation. Long Lead time Nature StrategicTiming Long term and Short termDistributors place order to Barilla once per week simply using simple periodic review system and lead time i s eight to fourteen days, due to long lead time distributors either order high inventory or it results to stock out at distributors customer. ENVIRONMENTAL & ROOT provoke ANALYSIS Barilla is the largest manufacturer of pasta in the world, making 35% of all pasta sold in Italy and 22% of all pasta sold in Europe. However, Barilla suffers from Bullwhip effect due to big variability in demand that resulted to operational inefficiencies such as increased cost on transportation, distribution & inventory. stock out (see exhibit 1). On the production itself the set up are very specific, the company is incapable of meeting fluctuating demand because they consider sequential production to avoid huge set up cost. When demand fluctuates manufacturing and distribution team experience also much pressure. Barilla has complex distribution presence of multiple intermediaries slows have the delivery lead time to ultimate customer. Carrying too much categorization on dry products, 800 SKUs also leads to long production lead-time because they maintain time of production based on size and shape of pasta to reduce set up cost.Stock out occurs due to the fact that distributors maintain only 2 weeks inventory and delivery lead time from CDC is 8-14days. On put back below it is evident that stock can happen in DC/DO level because 2 weeks delivery lead-time and maintaining 2 weeks inventory on the shelf. Price changes due to promotions and incentives cause demand fluctuation as well. Barilla has no visibility on what is happening in reality with the move of their products in the trade. Barilla lacks centralized information and sophisticated forecasting talent and because of this bullwhip effect occurs ( see exhibit 2).Due to severe fluctuation in demand Barilla is pushed to increase the buffer of finished totals to avoid stock out and this only means increase in raw materials inventory, carrying cost, transportation cost and production cost which is detrimental to the growt h of the company. Since Barillas production is based on input of distributors, Barilla in the long run may lose the market share if distributors find that other brands are selling more and decide to carry competitors product instead.Lack of knowledge on the actual sales data on the market will have a negative effect on Barilla it has to establish smooth business relationship with all the supply chain channels and not only with the distributors. . RECOMMENDATION From my overall analyses given the facts presented I strongly recommend to proceed with option number 1- to implement JITD. rationalness is because thru JITD Barilla will have the centralized information and will have access to actual sales information which they will be using to plan procurement of raw materials, production, logistics , safety stock , inventory then .Also, thru JITD Barilla will have a chance to establish good supplier-customer relationship with the distributors and even with the supermarkets, this is very critical in running undefeated business. Barilla will have the control of production and not based on the order of distributor. Ultimately Bullwhip effect will be managed. graduation phase would be to implement with the DO because of the presence of sales representatives on the area. It would be so much easier to implement the plan since sales representatives of Barilla often spends 90% of the time in DO.

Ryan Air Marketing Plan

- What do mint hold of RyanAir? Consumer Behavior - control October 15th 2012 - Table of contents Introduction3 The re research design4 archetype verbal description4 Method for wondering4 interrogation structure4 flavour 1 Collect pictures5 tincture 2 Interview regularity5 pervert 3 Concept comprise5 Step 4 Combined ideal stumble up5 Step 5 Consensus represent5 Step 6 Communication psyche6 The amiable stand fors7 Dutch consensus rational map7 Ro earthian consensus intellectual map8 Combined consensus mental map9 Communication sen eonnt10Olympic Games 201210 TV Commercials10 Nadia Comaneci on Romanian Traditions11 Marian Dragulescu on Romanian Scenery11 Larisa Iordache on Dracula11 Camelia Potec on Romanian People11 Flags and banners11 Printed advertisement12 Conclusion and discussion13 Conclusion13 Discussion13 Future research13 References14 Websites14 Articles14 vermiform process15 Interviews by Cristina Bataga15 Interviews by Jessica van der Hoeven17 Intervie ws by Ella van Leeuwen22 Interviews by Mehdia Shireen Talib27 Introduction With this paper we testament say insights in grunge perceptions and attempt to take a crap a perceptual map for a specific send.To choose a put up for this assignment we had a assemblage discussion closely which disgrace we design would be interesting to appraise and analyse. aft(prenominal) considering some(prenominal) options, we decided that we valued a shuffling which is applicable at the present moment gear, since this would engender it easier for our participants to evaluate. afterward discussing multiple daubs we decided to choose Ryan aerate. In this assignment participants evaluate Ryanair through querys and conceptual maps. We give premier take aim a simple interview with the respondents and we go out let them destiny a concept map afterwards.We will justify e truly(prenominal) involvement in much(prenominal) expand in the fol misfortunateing chapters, scarcely se nd-off we will elaborate on the f altogether guy Ryanair. Ryanair is an airway ground in 1985 by the Ryan family and is currently supple in 28 countries. Over the past few historic period at that place has been a signifi rou stupefy growth in the number of customers, from 4 genius thousand thousand in 1998 and 24 million in 2004, to 75 million to date(Barret, 2004 and Ryanair. nl). Ryanair is puff up kn induce for their low offers. The modal(a) price of a flight with Ryanair was 38 euros in 2004. The Guardian even presented an article last year, which state that the lowest ticket price of Ryanair this summertime was except 12 euros.Ryanair has a team of over 8500 multitude, which is actu either(prenominal)y re altogethery low for the amount of passengers they bewitch every year. All these passengers argon transported by unity type of sheet, the Boeing 737-800. Ryanair its system is to offer the lowest price at entirely time on whatsoever routes and bequeath an i nexpensive and convenient inspection and repair (Ryanair. nl). To accomplish this scheme, they keep up a certain personal line of credit sector posture. This business model is build up by 10 key hints. The set-back period is operating from unessential airports. Secondary airports be (un sockn) small airports which arrange for low airport fees.The sec point is the lowest ticket price, which ca fancys high volume of passengers. The third point is standardized fleets of the Boeing 737-800, which gives them bargaining power with the suppliers. Furthermore, at that place ar no meals on board, nonhing is free, low commission for travel agents, Spartan headquarters and in that respect is a single-class which all helps with saving cost. Lastly, thither atomic number 18 no unions and at that place ar high powered incentives (Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart, 2010). Precisely this strategy in compounding with the business model Ryanair employments, makes it interesting to an alyse Ryanair. Does this strategy really dally?Do customers really opine Ryanair is the dirt seamyest air hose? Do customers really think Ryanair provides a convenient redevelopment? These atomic number 18 all questions we reach to gens out in this assignment. At the end we will conclude if the strategy employ by Ryanair is the pay off one, or if Ryanair should channelize or fictionalise its strategy. This report will consist of chapters explaining the research design and the results we found. The first chapter will discuss the examine employ for our research and the method acting for interviewing. It will explain about the various methods for interviewing and substantiate our decisions.The blurb chapter will discuss the send consensus map. It will explain how we came to the consensus map and how the data provided by the interviews will be utilize as an input to make the station consensus map. After creating the ut about examination brand consensus map, we will take a closer look at the brand consensus map to come up with solutions, improvements and or assortments that Ryanair should take. This communicating stem will be discussed in the final exam chapter. 1. question design Sample description When we were discussing the brand Ryanair, we came to the conclusion that the sers are predominantly green pile with small budgets. We wanted to create the concept maps found on the thoughts of consumptionrs, or else than on people who are slight same(p)ly to work Ryanair. Because of this reason, we chose to use HBO and WO students for our sample, as we imagine they fit in this profile. They are relatively young and piddle no full time jobs, so they gift budget restrictions. All quartet many a(prenominal) particle of our group selected respondents from their own social environment. In good 15 respondents enterd, all of them were Dutch. The range of the age of the respondents is amongst 18 and 26 years old.The experiment had a t otal of 7 masculine respondents and 8 female respondents. Method for interviewing To create brand concept maps we fanny use several proficiencys. angiotensin converting enzyme approach is the Zaltmans Metaphor inductive reasoning Technique (ZMET), which uses qualitative research techniques to disclose key brand connecters and whence uses in-depth interviews with respondents to uncover the think amidst these brand connections (Zaltman and Coulter, 1995). This is a really essential method due to its multiple uses of qualitative research techniques to tap twain verbal and nonverbal aspects of consumer thinking.However, this method knows to a fault some barriers as it is embarrassing to administer and the process is labour intensive. Other drawbacks of the ZMET are its accessibility and eternal rest of administration. Due to these demerits of the ZMET, we chose for a more accessible and standardized method for producing brand maps. The Brand Concept Maps (BCM) approach. The Brand Concepts Maps (BCM) method is take hold to elicit peoples knowledge about concepts and how they are connected with each early(a). This method is easy to implement, flexible and bay window be done in an formless procedure.The respondent has to draw their own map with only few instruction manual from the researcher (John et al. , 2006). We used the un structured procedure of the BCM method, where the respondents bewilder to draw their own map to depute their knowledges with the brand and how they are consociateed to each former(a). To identify key brand associations, we used the funnelling technique in the first interviews. This method consists of a series of questions that aim to get the respondents discussing a particular exit. The first questions in the interview are very broad and about the topic in general.After the general part, the questions become more concrete and specific. Allowing the respondents to be animate and to give their opinion about very specifi c items within the topic. Research structure As mentioned preceding(prenominal), we used the BCM method for creating soulfulness maps and eventually the final brand consensus map. This method will deliver a consensus brand map, which identifies the roughly important associations that consumers connect to the brand and how these associations are interconnected. We get under ones skin chosen for this method because of the ease of use and the standardization of this method.Since the mapping stage is very structured it does not take that much time of our respondents to fulfil this stage. Also the assembling process is more accessible. To obtain a consensus brand map we make use of decision rules, which is less time consuming and does not lead specialized statistical training. In the following paragraphs we will explain the unit of mea incontestablement process in detail and explain more about the techniques we used. re-create 1 The trigger stage In this first stage our object was to find signifi usher outt associations with the brand Ryanair. Therefore, we created a cogitation and interviewed 15 HBO and WO students.The fall out existed of 17 open ended questions. Our innovation was to make these questions as target area as possible, to ensure we did not bias our interviewees. For example, we tried to cover both autocratic and shun associations. The structure of the questions was very basic, and easy to understand. We used the funnelling technique to structure our survey. With this technique the questions in the survey go from general to more specific, creating a metaphorical funnel. This survey gave us insight in the near salient associations with Ryanair (see accessory 1).After collecting the data from our survey, we created a list of the more or less mentioned associations. An association was confered to the list when at least 50% of the participants mentioned it. This resulted in a list with 16 associations. The associations can be found in appendix 2. On this list is likewise the association overbold. Many of our respondents mentioned this discussion in the survey, but during the mapping stage we found that it was unclear for respondents in which context it should be placed. Therefore we decided not to use this invent in our final consensus map. build 1 BCM example Stage 2 The mapping stageIn the second stage we have asked the respondents to create individual brand maps for Ryanair. We used the same sample as in stage 1. We explained what a brand map is and showed them an example of a brand map for Volkswagen, which is shown in figure 1. We gave the respondents the list of associations with Ryanair that we defined in the elicitation stage and explained that they could use as many of the associations as they wanted, and they could alike add any associations they thought were missing on the list. Furthermore, we explained the three varied levels of connections in the midst of the brand and the associations.We as ked them to put the number 1,2 or 3 side by side(p) to the line, indicating the centreiveness of the link, 1 meaning a weak link and 3 a fond link. After this briefing procedure the respondents were given a clean-living piece of paper with the al-Quran Ryanair in the middle. Participants could take as dogged as they wanted to complete the brand map. Finally, they were debriefed and thanked for their participation. Stage 3 The accumulation stage. In the final stage we collected all the brand maps to heart them and create a consensus map. The individual brand maps are combined on the basis of the of rules to obtain a brand consensus map.These rules require no specialized knowledge of quantitative or qualitative research methods. Frequencies are used to construct a consensus map, showing the most salient brand associations and their interconnections. We compound validity of the consensus map by creating inter-subjectivity. We let every team member make their own map found on their interviews. We then came together to compare and discuss the maps. After the discussion we created the final map based on the shape of rules described by John et al (2006). How we created the consensus map is described in the next chapter, just as the details and description of the consensus map. . Description of consensus map and picture To create the final consensus map of the Ryanair brand, we used the article about Brand Concept Maps by John et al (2006). Beforehand, we coded the information from each of the individual brand maps in terms of (1) the nominal head of the brand associations, (2) the enduringness of the link between each association to the brand or to some an new(prenominal)(prenominal) association, (3) the level at which the association was placed in the map ( in a flash coupled to Ryanair, or directly linked to an other association) and (4) which brand associations were linked above and below each association on the map.There were 2 brand associations that respondents added themselves and were not on the list. None of these words were used in more than 7% of the cases, which led to our decision not to use them in the final consensus map. All the coded information was inserted in a knock back that can be found in appendix 3. Based on this table we used a five measure process to develop a consensus brand map of the individual brand concept maps. (John et al 2006) Step 1 In the first step we identified the nerve centre brand associations that we have to place on the consensus map.To determine the core brand associations we used the frequency of mention and the number of interconnections. If associations were mentioned on at least 50% of the maps we include them on the consensus map as a core brand association. We similarly include associations if the number of interconnections was equal to or higher than that of other core brand associations. By applying these rules we found 12 core brand associations which are shown the table i n appendix 3. Step 2 In step devil we decided which of the associations should be linked directly to Ryanair.For this step we used the frequency of first stage mentions, the ratio of first order mentions, and the type of interconnections. We selected the associations that were mentioned at least 50% of the times as first-order associations of the total times that they were mentioned. We only selected them if they had more super ordinate than subordinate connections. This resulted in 5 associations that had to be directly linked to Ryanair. Step 3 In the third step we placed the re primary(prenominal)(prenominal)ing core brand associations on the map. They needful to be linked to at least one of the first-order brand associations.Important connect between the 12 core brand associations also needed to be placed on the final consensus map. We made these links by first counting how frequently links between specific associations occurred across maps. indeed we did a frequency coun t of how many different association links were noted on one map, 2 maps, three maps, four maps etc. We used these frequencies to select which association links would be included in the consensus map. The inflection point occurred at four (see appendix 4). Therefore, we included all core association links found on at least four maps in the consensus brand map.Twelve links met the criteria, eleven of them were links between core brand associations. Step 4 In the one-quarter step we inserted links between core and non-core brand associations. As found in the previous step, thither was only one link between a core and a non-core brand association that met the criteria. Step 5 In this final step we decided on the strength of the links between the associations and Ryanair. There are three levels of connections weak (1), medium(2), strong(3). For each link we computed the mean of the strength. We rounded the number up or down to the next integer number.All the results of these steps led to the brand consensus map below, figure 2. Figure 2 Final Brand Concept Map Ryanair As we have mentioned, the thicker the line, the stronger the association. The strength of associations was measured by the number of times an association was mentioned and what the strength of the associations was in the several brand maps made by our respondents. In the midriff of the brand concept map you can see the brand Ryanair. The basal(a) associations with Ryanair are meretricious, limited service, holiday, flies only in europium and airline.Of these primary associations, catchpenny(prenominal), limited service and airline have the strongest association with Ryanair. Apart from these primary associations being directly linked to Ryanair, some of these primary associations are also directly linked to each other. There is a direct link between low-cost and limited service, and there is a direct link between airline and flies only in Europe. This agent that people associate Ryanair bei ng insolent with Ryanair offering limited service, and Ryanair being an airline with Ryanair only secure in Europe.When we look at the secondary coil associations that are directly linked to the primary associations, we can see that most associations are linked to gaudy. The associations directly linked to cheap are less hooked employees, price strategy, price sensitive customers, low protect, low quality, and no food/drinks. From these associations, no food/drinks has the weakest association with Ryanair being cheap. However, no food/drinks is potently associated with Ryanair providing limited service. Booth primary associations airline and only strike down sheeting in Europe are strongly linked with secondary airports.Finally, there is a strong link between the primary association holiday and the non-core brand association sunbathe/summer. This means that people strongly associate holidays with sun/summer. 3. Communication fountainhead The conclusion we derive from th e Ryanair consensus map is twofold. On one side there are very strong, peremptory associations with Ryanair. We classify Cheap, Airline and vacation as irrefutable because these match the strategy that Ryanair carries. Ryanair wants to be a cheap airline that is convenient and easy to use. This strategy has definitely reached our sample of the population.Besides that, we think that pass is a authoritative association. When consumers think of homework a holiday, there is a large chance they will think of Ryanair, and obligate a flight with them. It is an important cultivation for brands to be in the consideration set of consumers(Avery et al, 2012). Based on our consensus map, we can state that Ryanair achieved this goal. On the other side, our respondents also have negative associations with Ryanair. They associate cheap with low quality, low encourage and less qualified employees. Strikingly, there are no haughty associations with cheap.This is definitely a point of impro vement for Ryanair. At this moment cheap is associated with negative aspects. Ryanair could try to depart this in a positive positioning towards cheap by emphasizing the advantages of cheap. Also, there is a strong association between cheap and limited service. This can be seen as an negative aspect. However, we do not find this association emerging, it is intumesce known that Ryanair indeed offers less service to its customers. It is part of its strategy to offer low prices to their customers. In the following paragraph we will elaborate on why and how Ryanair can throw its strategy in more detail.Why channelize the Current Map As explained in the last paragraph there are several negative associations with Ryanair. We found out that not all these associations were based on experience though, since some of our participants never used Ryanair originally or they experienced low comfort on some flights, but not all. Another point is that they associated Ryanair with less qualifie d employees because Ryanair is a cheap airline, but they do not know the background of the employees and in some cases they never noticed a residual between the employees of Ryanair and competitors.Like mentioned in a previous chapter, Ryanair its strategy is to offer the lowest price at all time on all routes and provide an inexpensive and convenient service. This means that they do not want to be associated with inconvenient service or uncomfortable consumers. They mention their service as inexpensive on the other hand, so they know that their service is not as good as most competitors. So, the master(prenominal) reason why Ryanair should want to change the final brand map formed above is the event that they do not want to be associated with low comfort and less qualified employees.And that the associations cheap is a positive associations, but it is linked only to negative associations. How exchange the Current Map One of Ryanair its goals is to provide their customers with t he cheapest flights. Since everybody associates Ryanair with cheap, they seem to have reached this goal. Since we do not want to change this association we have to come up with a plan to change their quality/comfort/employee realize without Ryanair change state more expensive. As mentioned before, our consensus map shows a negative attitude towards cheap, one of the main attributes of Ryanair. If we can change this ttitude, this will have a positive influence on the boilers suit attitude towards Ryanair. For this enjoyment we decided to use the TORA model. The basic belief of this model is that behaviour(using Ryanair) is a function of a individuals attitude, in this case attitude towards cheap. This multi attribute model for boundary line attitudes consists of 3 important steps. First we will explain these three steps, and how they apply to Ryanair. 1. Changing a specific component belief. In this step the count about the specific component cheap is tried to be changed. In t he case of Ryanair, this should be done for the component service.Ryanair is assumed to have low service and less qualified employees, because they are cheap. As these beliefs are very subjective or even false, Ryanair should use their sweat to change these beliefs about service and quality of employees. 2. Changing the importance a consumer assigns to an attribute. The most important attribute of Ryanair is that they offer cheap flights. If customers fly cheap they will keep currency that they can spend on their destination. This is a very important take of Ryanair, and they should try to get consumers to change the importance they deal to this.When a low flight price becomes more important for consumers, they are more likely to choose Ryanair, as this airline is one of the cheapest in Europe. 3. Introducing a current attitude in the consumers evaluation process. Like we mentioned before, the overall attitude towards cheap at this moment is predominantly negative. In the cons ensus map there was not one mainly positive association with cheap. Ryanair should change this attitude and emphasize the advantages of dissolute cheap in their campaign. For exemplify they could make the connection between cheap and saucy.The attitude towards cheap should change to flying for cheap is smart because it saves you money. Based on these steps we have set up a campaign plan for Ryanair. We will discuss this campaign in detail in following paragraphs. Spring/ summer 2013 promote Ryanair Our campaign for Ryanair is mainly targeted at consumers who do not have Ryanair in their consideration set. This can either be because they dont know the brand or because they have a negative attitude towards it. Our idea for Ryanair is to launch a campaign in the spring/summer of 2013 where they try to change consumers perception and attitude towards Ryanair.We decided that the campaign should be launched in the spring/summer of 2013 because this is when most customers start plannin g their holiday. As we could see in the consensus map holidays are strongly associated with Ryanair, so we believe this is the perfect timing. Since TV Commercials are very expensive, which can increase the be for Ryanair, and eventually ticket prices. We decided not to use TV commercials in our campaign. Instead, we think the campaign should consists of ads and commercials on the internet, where a big part of Ryanairs target audience is active.When potential customers, people between 18-30, are planning their holiday they will first go online, as this is the main search tool for this generation. Seeing an Ryanair advertisement can give them an incentive to book a flight with Ryanair. Advertisements The benefit of using online advertisements is the fact that multiple advertisements can be used in multiple locations. The most important thing about the advertisements is the fact that they have to have a strong capa city but compose needs to be simple. They have to change consumer a ttitude towards low prices so this will lead to the desired behaviour ,booking a flight.The ads have to be used frequently and placed in the right spots. The advertisements have to be placed on websites which are frequently visited by our target audience. If they click on the ad it should sent them to the Ryanair website. We want to use three types of advertisements one advertisement with a so called emotional call forth, one with a bilateral approach and one with a relative approach. Where each ad incessantly shows the Ryanair logo, and the ad is eer in the colorize yellow and blue. If we use pictures the borders are in yellow and blue, and the text is always in the same blue colour.The main goal of the ads is to try and lead the low comfort and less qualified employees associations out of the customers head and change this into an attitude positive towards cheap. We decided to use the word smart in all the ads, because of earlier mentioned reasons. Furthermore, a survey of our participants used the word smart to identify the customers or founders of Ryanair. The customers because they fly cheap and save money, the founders because they came up with this business idea. Since we heard it multiple times we thought it was a good idea to use this word in the ads.Emotional Appeal ad The advertisement shows a picture of a man standing in the airplane delay for the stewardess to put his hand baggage in the locker above the seatings. The man is tall, wearing a nice classy handout down shirt with normal jeans. This shows a man with style, but it does not show too much richness which will clash with the cheap image of Ryanair. Both the stewardess and the man on the ad have a smile on their faces. The text provided underneath the picture says Be smart, save money, fly Ryan Air. This ad will serve two goals.First because of the smiling, friendly and helpful stewardess it will take away the negative association people have of less service and less qualified emplo yees of Ryanair. Second, by showing a man where our target audience can refer to and describing him as smart, we make the association of customers of Ryanair are smart. Also it shows that the average customer is very mainstream, so it could be anyone. Two-Sided advertisement The two-sided advertisement should show a negative association of Ryanair, but not the biggest and counter argue with it.What we mean by this is the fact that for exemplar secondary airports are sometimes associated negative since they are small and not always close to the city, but it can also be an advantage. Flying on secondary airports means less waiting time for your luggage, less walk time to board, less searching what gate you have to get to and for instance cheaper parking lots. The advertisement shows a small airport on the background. On the foreground it shows the text Yes, we dont fly on main airports, can you come up with the benefits of this? We can * slight waiting time * Cheaper parking lots No big crowds Be smart, save time, fly Ryan Air. This ad will serve the goal of showing benefits of flying on secondary airports. Showing customers that it is not only cheaper, but it also saves time and it is customer friendly (less waiting time and no big crowds). Again we try to put a positive attitude toward the association cheap and we use the word smart again. Comparative advertisement The comparative degree advertisement shows a picture of two airplanes flying in the air next to each other. It shows a clear sky with an orange sun on the background, as a nice summer evening.Both airplanes are Boeing 737-800s. One airplane is a Ryanair airplane and the other is an airplane of one of the competitors, for instance one of KLM Royal Airlines. Underneath the picture it says Can you see the difference? Your wallet can Be smart, Save money, fly Ryan Air The goal of this ad is the fact that less quality is associated with cheap. This ad shows that Ryanair uses the same airplanes as s ome of their competitors. We try to show that Ryanair should not be associated with less quality. We also use the word smart again and we associate Ryanair again with the positive association cheap.Internet Commercials Like we mentioned before we do not want to show any TV commercial during this summer campaign since that will costs too much. Instead, we want think it will be good to have a short commercial for on the internet. This will be used on the Ryan Air website, so the use of the commercial will most be free of costs. When you show the website this commercial will pop up and play. There should be an option to close the ad if , to make sure the customers do not have to watch it every time they enter the website. This can cause irritation and we do not want to remonstrate potential customers.We want the commercial to be in the same ground as the banner ads. If the commercials and advertisements are consistent this will reinforce the effect they have. Most important for thi s commercial is to, again, emphasize the positive consequences of flying cheap and linking this with being smart. For our internet commercial we will use the same man that we used in our online banner. This is an ordinary person, where most of Ryanair its audience can relate himself to. Because we want to reinforce the link between Ryanair and the association holiday, the man will be with his family.They check out a gilded hotel where the employees are very friendly and helpful. The family gets into a car and drive to the airport. There they board on a Ryanair plane. When they board on the plane, the stewards are also very warm and welcoming and helping the family with storing their luggage. The camera zooms out and the final shot is the airplane taking off. On the screen the following text appears Be smart, save money, fly Ryanair. With this commercial we want to make the link between the service in a specious hotel and the service in the Ryanair plane.We want to point out that there are similarities between the two, in both cases the employees are warm, friendly and helpful. Furthermore we want to show that by saving money on the flight the family could afford to stay in a luxurious hotel, in other words they were smart because they saved money on their flight in order to stay in a luxurious hotel during their stay. Conclusions To sum up the process to the final brand concept map. We conducted interviews based on the funnelling technique. After this we used the BCM method to come up with our final brand concept map.We found out that there were several positive and several negative associations with Ryanair. Especially the fact that the positive association cheap was linked with only negative associations got our attention. We decided that this part of the brand concept map was the part we wanted to change by a communication idea. We came up with an Spring/Summer 2013 Campaign for Ryanair. This campaign would consist of several advertisements and a single commercial we wanted to use on the website. The main theme of our advertisements is to emphasize the positive elements of cheap and to use the word smart in every ad.Linking back to the TORA model we described before, in all the advertisements the steps of this model are taken into account. Step 1 of the TORA model is mainly processed in the emotional appeal ad we described. With this ad we try to change consumers beliefs about the service of Ryanair and the quality of their employees. In the ad we make the association of customers of Ryanair being smart, which represents step 3, making a new connection between the attribute cheap and the (new) attribute smart. These arguments apply also for the advertisement about the benefits of secondary airports.The comparative commercial with another airline is more about changing the importance a consumer assigns to an attribute, like step 2 of the TORA model. When seeing two airplanes next to each other of different airlines, where one airlin e is much cheaper, the most important feature of Ryanair, flying cheap, is made clear. With this commercial we can try to get consumers to change the importance they weight to the attribute cheap. Finally we showed the purpose of the website commercial, where the purpose is to emphasize the positive consequences of flying cheap and linking this with being smart.Future research For upcoming research we suggest to have a more varying sample and more participants. We focused on students, which can cause to give an image of Ryanair which is not really representative. Furthermore we would suggest to use the ZMET method preferably of the BCM method because the first interview conducted in the ZMET method is much more in-depth than the one we used in the BCM method. We think that the associations with the brand would be different and more representative using the ZMET method. Appendices Appendix 1 Survey QuestionsName board Gender 1. The first thing that comes to mind when I think of Ry anair is 2. I fly with Ryanair because 3. Ryanair is 4. Ryanair makes me feel 5. I wont fly with Ryanair because 6. When I see a commercial of Ryanair I think.. 7. Ryanair looks 8. I believe that other people think of Ryanair as 9. Ryanair is .. compared to their competitors 10. I would choose competitors over Ryanair because 11. I would choose to fly with Ryanair if I fly with(friends/ family etc) 12. I believe Ryanair thinks of their customers as 13.The founders of Ryanair are 14. I believe the strategy of Ryanair is 15. People who use Ryanair are 16. People who work for Ryanair are 17. The customers of Ryanair are.. Appendix 2 List with core associations 1. Holiday 2. Airline 3. Cheap 4. Less qualified employees 5. No nourishment / Drinks 6. hold in Service 7. Only in Europe 8. chickenhearted/ luscious 9. lie/Summer 10. Friends 11. Low quality 12. expenditure sensitive customers 13. Price strategy 14. Low comfort 15. Secondary airports 16. Smart Appendix 3 List with core as sociations Core Associations First-Order AssociationsBrand Associations Frequency of Mention shape of Inter connections Frequency of First-Order Mention Ratio of First-Order Mention (%) Subordinate connectedness Super-ordinate Connections Cheap 15 46 13 86,7 2 44 Airline 13 16 13 ascorbic acid 16 Secondary Airports 12 13 5 41,7 9 4 Only in Europe 12 12 7 58,3 5 7 No sustenance/Drinks 12 12 3 25 11 1 Less qualified Employees 11 13 2 18,2 10 3 Holiday 11 15 10 90,9 1 14 Price system 11 9 7 63,6 5 4 Price radiosensitive Customers 11 13 3 27,3 9 4Low shelter 10 15 1 10 9 6 Limited Service 8 16 4 50 4 12 Low Quality 8 16 3 37,5 5 11 Fly with Friends 7 8 3 42,9 5 3 Sun/Summer 7 9 1 14,3 6 3 Yellow/Blue 6 2 5 83,3 2 City jaunt 2 2 2 cytosine 2 Airplanes 1 1 1 100 1 Business People 1 1 100 Bad Customer Service 1 1 100 Low Budget 1 1 0 1 wickedness bookings 1 1 0 1 Eindhoven 1 1 100 Limited destinations 1 1 1 100 1 Customers 1 1 1 100 1 Easy to book tickets 1 1 0 1 Appendix 4 Maps and the number of interconnections summate of maps Number of interconnections 1 23 2 13 3 10 4 7 5 4 (inflection point) 6 6 Appendix 5 Summaries of individual interviews Interviews by Marc Buurman For this assignment I interviewed three Dutch Students * Melvin Loggies, 21 years old, male * Jesse Driel, 22 years old, male * Eline Buurman, 19 years old, female I contacted the respondents by phone and asked them if they wanted to participate in our research. They all agreed, so I made an appointment with them for the first interview.In the first interview I asked the respondents several questions about Ryanair(see appendix 2). I explained them that they should simply say what came to their mind and that if they had any questions they were free to ask them. After conducting the interviews, that led to very interesting associations, I thanked the respondents and made the appointment for the second interview. In the second interview I showed the respondents a l ist of 16 associations (which resulted from the first interviews) and asked them if they could draw a mental map for me.As an example I gave them a mental map of Volkswagen. I also told the respondents that they were not force to use all the associations, and if they thought of any associations that were missing, they were free to add them to their mental map. During the creation of the map I told them that they could also review their answers of the first interview, however, no one decided to review their first interview. When they finished drawing their mental map, I thanked them for their effort and wished them a pleasant day. The associations that the respondents gave were rather similar.The main associations that the respondents came up with were cheap, holiday, and Ryanair only flies in Europe. These were quite positive associations. However, the respondents also came up with negative associations like low comfort, limited service and less qualified employees. According to t he respondents, the explanation for this is that because Ryanair is one of the cheapest airlines(which they saw as a positive thing), they cant provide the best service and dont have the best employees. The respondents also gave some different associations.For instance, one respondent answered that the first thing that came to his mind when he thought of Ryanair was city trips. This was because he was planning to go on a city trip through Europe and would use Ryanair to fly from city to city. When I asked him why he would use Ryanair to fly from city to city, he simply answered Because they are the cheapest. Interviews by Jesper Vieveen For this research I interviewed four people * Robin Meeng, 22 years old, male * Nick Theisen, 21 years old, male * Sharen Vieveen, 18 years old, female * Kevin Smith, 25 years old, maleI contacted all of them by phone to ask if they wanted to participate in a research I had to conduct for my study Marketing Management, and for the die hard Consumer Behaviour. I told them I had to interview them twice about the brand Ryanair, they all agreed immediately. During the first interview I asked them questions, you can find these questions in appendix 2. I told them they had to try to come up with as many things as they could think of each question. I asked them if they had travelled with Ryanair before and I asked them to explain words if I did not understood the meaning of them in relation with the question.At the end I thanked them for their participations and I planned a second meeting with them. I did not tell them yet what the second interview was going to be about, the only thing I told them was the fact that it was about Ryanair again, and that it was going to be based on the first interview. During the second interview I showed them their answers of the first interview, I provided them with the list of the 16 associations that came out the first part of the BCM method. I gave them a piece of paper with the word Ryanair in the middle. I told them they had to create a brand concept map with those 16 associations.I told them they did not have to use all of them, and that they had the possibility to ad associations if the wanted. I also gave them their first interview so they could use it if they wanted. Before they started to draw the map I showed them an example of a brand concept map. After they were done with their map I asked them if they were sure this was their final map, the map they wanted to give to me. After this I thanked them for their participation. During the first interview a lot of the answers to the questions involved the word cheap.The main reason why they would fly Ryanair was because of the fact that it is a cheap airline, it saves money during their holiday. Two respondents tried to be very creative coming up with words associated with Ryanair, they mentioned the business strategies, the names of the founders, the colour of the airline and stuff like this. But most of the time all the ir answers involved the word cheap again. What got my attention was the fact that most of my respondents like to fly with Ryanair but if the longer they thought about questions the more they came up with negative associations.Mostly not out of own experiences, but out of other people their experiences or out of stereotypes. All of my respondents also associated Ryanair with limited service. three out of the four told me that they did not mind this though, they told me that flying those short distances were not about the service. Interviews by Chantal Verbeek For creating the brand maps I have interviewed four students, two female and two male. They are all four WO students and have a Dutch nationality First I have interviewed the participants by using the survey in the appendix. The purpose of this interview was to identify the core associations with Ryanair.First I told the participants what the purpose of the study was. I told them that me and my group were doing research about the associations students have with Ryanair. Then I told them that the end goal of the research was to create a consensus map. I explained to them the steps we needed to take in order to create the consensus map and what a consensus map is. The interview was relatively basic and no extraordinary issues emerged. It was striking that the first association the participants had was cheap. One respondent used the word low budget instead of cheap.Most respondents asked for an explanation for the question I use Ryanair when I fly with. As I did not want to rent them to much I told them this question was about the type of travel partner. I did not use examples such as parents and friends. In the answers to almost every survey question the word cheap was used. Other words that were usually mentioned were holiday, friends, and low comfort. All four participants had experience with flying with Ryanair. They based the answers of their questions on experience. What came forward is that they a ll used Ryanair because it was much cheaper than the competitors.The respondents thought of Transavia as the main competitor, because this airline is also low budget. Only one respondent thought of Wizz Air as the main competitor. After the interview our group had a meeting to discuss the interviews and decide on which words to use for the brand maps. When this was decided I used the same four respondents to create an individual brand map. First I explained to them again what a brand map is and where we would use it for. After that I showed them the brand map of Volkswagen. I explained that there were three levels of association links weak, medium and strong.I told them how to indicate the strength and referred to the Volkswagen example. If the respondents still had questions, I answered them. After that the respondents started with their brand maps. None of the respondents took longer than 5 minutes to finish. Some had very complex maps, with many interconnections. One participant only linked to Ryanair and did not use connections between the associations. No one had any difficulties with creating the map and the process went very smooth. When the respondents were finished I debriefed them and answered questions if they had any.Some of the respondents were interested in brand maps of other participants. If this was the case I showed them the brand maps of the others. Interviews by Eva Verhulst References http//www. guardian. co. uk/business/2011/may/23/Ryanair-profits-rise-passenger-numbers http//www. airlinequality. com/Forum/ryan. htm Avery, J. , Kozinets, R. , Mittal, B. , Raghubir, P. and Woodside, A. (2012), Consumer Behaviour Human Pursuit of pleasure in the World of Goods, Open Mentis. John, Deborah R. et al (2006), Brand Concept Maps A Methodology for Indentifying Brand Association Networks Journal of Marketing Research,43(November), 549-563

Global Media and Constructivism

Global Media and Constructivism Media world(a)ization plays a signifi bungholet role in the globular civilisation. It can be very contented for throng in different countries to ex convince knowledge. Also, the exchange of trade and products between the countries has obtain convenient and simple too. Nowadays, the rapid changes in technology overhear been increased to a sassy media platform, so the evolution of media is important to explore. From my heap point, the globalization of media minces to better-conscious citizens.Moreover, I agree with the statement that global media contributes to the creation of a global colonization because it can help share elaborations, and constructivists can investigate global change and transformation. But the global village as well has some disadvantages, like problems with semi giving medicational control of the media. Media globalization cannot be stopped. It is a result of new communications technology, and it is also the prerequis ite and facilitator for all different forms of globalization. Because of new technology, such as the growth of satellite broadcasting, ph wholeness system and cross-border advertising, the way people get information has changed.At first, people get information from newspapers and books, and then it evolved into the computer and mesh. The deal out of the Internet and global communications media has expanded our information society into a global information society, and the one aspect of the globalization of the media is the multinational media social club and market effectiveness. So, some people think that without tummy media there would be no contemporary consumer society which means no globalization. In short, the media communicate cannot survive without the technological innovation.In addition, the media evolved from single to multiple, from national to the global, and also from developed areas to underdeveloped areas. almost people view that the globalization of media does not lead to better- informed citizens because governmental control of the media, and people do not know the information that they find in the media or Internet is tried or not. idealism argues that the most fundamental feature of society is social consciousness (The globalization of World politics, PP163).In short, idealism does not disregard the material forces such as media power, but the meaning of these material forces are not given by nature but driven by human interpretation. So, an idealist view of global media argues that people get their social consciousness not from natural truth, but from other people who create the information. For example, if the growing media monopolies and government deregulation need diminished the quantity, quality, and diversity of political content in the mass media, citizens never get the truth.Therefore, the globalization of media under government control can lead to worse- informed citizens. However, I think that the globalization of media can lead to better-informed citizens because it changes peoples perception and habits, and it also expands the horizons of people. According to the movie, Global media for a global culture? many years ago, there were no Asiatic people who knew the Christmas festival or Halloween, but these two western festivals have become two of the most popular festivals in China, Japan and Korea because the international media corporations came to Asia.As normative structure theory mentioned that actors adhere to norms not only because of benefits and be for doing so, but also because they are related to a range of egotism (The globalization of World politics, PP163). This is means the global media has an impact on culture, and these new beliefs not only constraint actors, they also constructed categories of meanings in their identities and interests, and define standards of entrance conduct which can lead to better-informed citizens.Therefore, people can share equal culture and vi ewpoint which means the distance between the people become closer. People in some underdeveloped areas can become participatory and liberal, and we can easier understand each other. Furthermore, I agree with the statement that global media contributes to the creation of a global village because multinational media corporations are attempting to have operations in nations around the world, and people share the same information, culture and worldview. Institutional isomorphism (such as transnational media corporations) raises issues of growing homogeneity in world politics, international community and socialization processes (The Globalization of World politics, PP163). For example, Americas dominance in the entertainment industries (such as Disney, Time Warner) made it difficult for other cultures to produce and distribute their possess cultural products. American popular culture, in addition, challenges authority and outmoded traditions.So, the media globalization affects the i ncrement of natural culture and its people, particularly the impact on teenagers. Teenagers in other nations have rejected their own cultural traditions. Instead, they want to wear American styles. Additionally, it is popular for people in other countries to sing in English rather than use their native tongue (Globalization and Mass Media P5). So, constructivists generally hold that identities shape interests (The Globalization of World politics, PP163).We know who we are because identities are social and are produced by dint of interactions they can change. The global media change peoples identity, and the country is serene by the people, so the global media contributes to the creation of a global village. Therefore, The internationalisation of cultural business and cultural texts, as well as the singular worldwide proliferation of new communications technologies has undeniably influenced the global culture (Hesmondhalgh, 20072).While global media contributes to the creation of a global village, it also creates social, political and security problems. Some people fear the globalization of media because although the Internet connects people on a global level, people can also use it to form niggling groups with diverse political agendas. For this reason, the Internets lack of centralized control makes some governments opposed to let their citizens have Internet access. For example, Singapore, China, and Saudi Arabia attempt to censor sites for political and religious reasons.I think that governmental concern about how people depart use the Internet is well founded some media and journalists wantonly distorted the political facts or add extreme rhetoric, which cause the citizen of the decline in trustingness in government. Many public-sphere liberals find a malaise in American democracy about declining voter participation and public mistrust and cynicism toward government (Democratizing Global Media One World, Many Struggles, Robert A. Hackett, PP12).M oreover, critical political economists and anti-globalization activists identify Western-based transnational media and the organization of global information flows along free-market lines as agents of domination, eroding the talent of states to protect autonomous information spaces (Waisbord and Morris 2001 ix). Therefore, global media have been criticized for homogenizing global culture by disrupting national traditions. The Web creates a chaotic marketplace of cultures that allows the development of cultural imperialism, rather than uniting the world into one large and homogeneous global village.So, it is very common and necessary to know that nationally make media are subject to varying degree of political control in some countries. In conclusion, a key factor in Internet evolution is the ability of citizens to easily communicate with each other. Globalized media means that people can get information quickly and easily, and that it can lead to a global village where people shar e similarities and can create a more equal civilization. However, even though some people believe that the global media are enhancing the process of peace and democracy, it actually does not have completely transformative power.For example, the radical democrats endorse media role as government watchdogs and public-sphere models and they also expect a democratic media system to counteract power inequalities inwardly the social order. Ultimately, global media has advantages and disadvantages, so we need more critical thinking about whether the information that we find in the media or Internet is reliable or not. Work cited David Held and Anthony McGrew, The Global Transformations Reader, UK Polity Press, PP 216, 2000 McChesney Robert, Global Media Neoliberalism and Imperialism Monthly canvas, 52. 0, P. 1, 2001 March Peterson, David, The Global Media An Interview with Edward S. Herman and Robert W. McChesney. ZMagazine, 1997 June Robert A. Hackett, Democratizing Global Media One Wo rld, Many Struggles, PP12 Siochru, S. O. companionable consequences of the globalization of the media and communication sector Some strategic considerations, Geneva world-wide Labour Office, 2004 Klotzer, Charles L, The 10 Best-Censored Stories Key Issues that the Mass Media Largely Ignore, St. Louis news media Review, 34. 270, P. 30, 2004 October Kellner, D. Theorizing Globalization in Sociological Theory, pp285-305, 2002 Bagdikian, 2000 McChesney, 1999 Herman & Chomsky, 1988 Ingmar Zielke, Neoliberalism, Media and Globalization Western Media Policies in the mid-eighties and their Implications, 2010, Gottingen Peter Singer, One World the ethics of globalization, United States of America Yale University press, one community John Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens, The Globalization of World Politics, PP163, Oxford University Press Inc. impertinent York 2011, Wang 6