Free

Free Will vs Determinism Essay The debate, free will versus determinism, has been long debated for centuries. Free will is a concept that holds individuals responsible for the action and decisions of their lives. Adversely, other individuals believe one’s life is predetermined. For the purpose of this essay I will prepare dialogue between myself and philosopher Socrates. I will also define free will and determinism. The Dialogue XXXXXX: Determinism is interpreted as the philosophical theory or doctrine in which an individual believes that action from humans are unavoidable; occurrences in nature are more than likely caused by preceding events or natural laws. XXXXXX: Free Will is the ability of humans to express freedom; freedom to make choices freely without the influence of others or nature; better said, as the ability to act freely within limits. XXXXXX: No. I do not agree that every event has an explanatory cause. I would like to think it’s fair to say not every event or situation warrants an explanation. Let’s say, for example, God developed in mind or physically, Adam Eve, also accommodated them a garden with every fruit, with the exception of forbidden fruits. In consequence, they disobeyed. A fair argument would be that there is no way to argue an explanatory cause in connection with Adam’s Eve’s selection; free will came into existence. XXXX: I’d say†¦ birth, wedding and funerals would be examples of events†¦ XXXX: Explanatory cause would suggest behind every event that occurs has an explanation; to persuade an explanation for why events happen. XXXXX: As referenced previously, I don’t agree with explanatory causes for events that happen in human life. Only selected events have an explanatory cause such as death, for example. Death was already predetermined at which time man was created. XXXXX: Choices of humans is the ability to make sound decisions without influence, freedom of choice. In this day and age humans are held to the highest degree of responsibility for their own actions. Judicial systems have been put into place for this very reason. Events occur from human action or choices. Absolutely, Choice and events are completely different. XXXX: Absolutely not Socrates, It is not a known fact that every action has an explanatory cause is completed dependently. Some actions may be simply due to determinism however, at the same instance may be in connection with one’s free will. Murder would be great example. This would be a solely act carried out by an individual; free will. XXXXx: Exempt from external authority, an individual’s will, unrestricted. Free. XXXX: Absolutely, why not; despite individuals having the freedom of choice, within limits due to higher existing authority. It’s reasonable to come to the conclusion that free will is not completely free, external influences do exist. The two can coexist. XXXX: Possibly determinism but not internal free will. Free will cannot be classified as internal or external factors. In Conclusion, determinism vs. free will is a debate that has been debated over centuries. This debate will continue to obtain conflicting attention for many years to come from a variety of people. In this paper I have discussed briefly the definition of free will and determinism. I have also presented dialogue between the deceased Socrates and myself in attempt to shed more on this highly debatable topic.

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As I packed up my belongings from my dorm at the end of my freshman year in college, I remember feeling indifferent about summer. Although most people would be happy knowing they were not going to summer school, I had gotten accustomed to this routine. As far back as I can remember, each summer was spent in school or some form of tutoring program; not as a result of my poor grades but to stay ahead. I finally had a summer free, and I was uncertain what to do. Not wanting to waste away my summer idly, I set out to make my summer productive and obtained an internship position at my local health department. Undoubtedly this has been one of two main experiences highly influential in leading me to pursue my Masters in Public Health. Interning at the health department was my formal introduction to public health. It quickly became apparent how predominant and ubiquitous the practices of public health are in our everyday lives. I also gained a better understanding as to how critical public health is to the entire healthcare system; specifically how research and practice in the areas of community needs can make notable impacts. Working mainly in the nurse's clinic and birth and death records, I occasionally got the opportunity to help out in other areas such as the Black Infant Health Program. This program specifically caught my attention because of how valuable and requested it was for the African American community. They provided resources to empower and strengthen women throughout their pregnancy. Women were provided with information and classes so that they were informed to make better choices for caring and raising their children, in hopes that it would positively impact future generations. This is particularl y important because ... ... healthcare setting can greatly help gain the support at the community level. I want to be apart of the growing effort in creating an atmosphere that allows dialogue and interest amongst minority groups who are more disproportionately affected by diseases. My desire to pursue a graduate degree in public health is personally driven, and I believe UC Irvine will serve as a vital foundation for obtaining the necessary knowledge and training in my career. With my persistence in the pursuit of knowledge I am confident that I will be able to take full advantage of what the program has to offer so that I too can make meaningful contributions in public health. In order to hone my skills with regards to health, I am currently taking a human anatomy and physiology course through Loyola Marymount University Extension, and I find myself eager to return to full time studies.

GIS Based Load Flow Study for Distribution Network at Sihora Township

This undertaking work pertains to ; â€Å"GIS based load flow survey for Distribution Network at Sihora township† . com/aaimagestore/essays/1644095.001.png"> Chapter 1: Introduction In India, Power sector reforms are afoot chiefly to reconstruct efficiency and fiscal wellness in the sector and assorted SEBs have followed common form of reforms based on â€Å"World Bank Supported Orissa† theoretical account of ninetiess. Main nonsubjective covered under reforms are ; Unbundling of SEBs in to three separate sectors of Generation, Transmission & A ; Distribution and Corporatization of sectors. Added fiscal encouragement to the reforms procedure came in the signifier of â€Å"Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program† ( APDRP )and States willing to set about Distribution Reforms are eligible to pull financess in this strategy. Distribution and Use of Power are 3rd and 4th sections of Integrated Power Systems and are unluckily weakest links as compared to Generation and UHV/EHV Transmission of Power because of high proficient and commercial losingss, overloading of Transformers and Feeders/Distributors and mass scale pilferage of power. Power Distribution nevertheless, assumes function of a gross gaining section of power system. Therefore, the existent challenge of reforms in Power Sector lies in efficient direction of Distribution and Utilization sections so that consumers get good power quality. Power Sector Reforms initiated by Govt. of India, peculiarly in Distribution sector, are viewed as strong steps to better commercial and fiscal viability of this sector and the APDRP launched in the twelvemonth 2001 was launched chiefly to beef up Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Distribution Networks and decrease ofAverage Technical and Commercial Losses ( AT & A ; C Losses ) .Main aims of this plan screenConstitution of baseline informations.Renovation and modernisation of 33/11 & A ; 11/0.4 KV Sub-Stations.Decrease of AT & A ; C losingssCommercial viability.Decrease of outages & A ; breaks.Increase consumer satisfaction through beef uping & As ; up-gradation of Sub-Transmission & A ; Distribution web and by supplying good power quality.1.1 Application of Geographic Information System ( GIS ) in Distribution Systems. GIS is a computer- based system to assistance in the aggregation, care, storage, analysis, end product, and distribution of spacial informations and information. Geographic information Systems ( GIS ) and Network Analysis are quickly progressing Fieldss in recent old ages and remain most important application countries. G- Stands for geographic and it has something to make with geographics. I – Stands for information i. vitamin E, geographic information. S- Stands for system. GIS is an incorporate system of geographics and information tied together. 1.2ROLE OF GIS IN DISTRIBUTION REFORMS. Distribution is a job country in any Electric Power Supply Utility in India chiefly because the Technical plus Commercial losingss are extortionately high, ( 50 – 55 % ) . GIS can assist cut down losingss and better energy efficiency through its part in the undermentioned countries of Distribution reforms: 1. 100 % consumer metering and Automatic Meter Reading. 2. Feeder & A ; Distribution Transformer metering: Installation of inactive ( electronic ) metres on all 11 KV surpassing feeders and distribution transformers. 3. Effective Myocardial infarction: Both feeder and DT inactive metres record active energy, power factor and burden information which can be downloaded to a computing machine web to construct effectual MIS for speedy decision-making. 4. Energy accounting: Energy received in each 11 kV sub-station and 11 KV out-going feeders, energy billed and T & A ; D losingss at each feeder and DT can be decently accounted for. 5. Installation of capacitance Bankss & A ; web reconfiguration: Installation of capacitances at 11 & A ; 400 Volt degrees, reconfiguration of feeder/ Distributors & A ; DTs in such a manner as to cut down the length feeders/distributors thereby cut downing Technical losingss. 6. High Voltage Distribution System ( HVDS ) : Installation of little energy efficient DTs providing power to 10 to 15 families merely, re-conductoring of overladen subdivisions, digital function of the full distribution system and burden flow surveies to beef up the distribution system. 1.3 GIS aid in accomplishing the above aims through assorted applications: 1. Creation of consumer database and consumer indexing: Indexing of all LT & A ; HT consumers, so as to segregate consumers feeder-wise and DT-wise. The consumers are mapped utilizing GIS engineering and identified based on their alone electrical reference, called Consumer Index Number ( CIN ) . 2. Function of Sub-transmission and Electrical Distribution Network: It is every bit of import to hold all the 33 KV substations, 11 KV feeders, DTs and LT feeders digitally mapped and geo-referenced. 3. Load Flow Studies: Having completed the aforesaid undertakings, burden and consumer profiles can be studied and illations drawn for rectifying instabilities in the web. 4. Load Prediction: GIS has proved itself an effectual tool in placing ideal location for proposed Sub-Stations, demand-side direction, Load prediction. 1.4 CASE STUDY GIS has been used as a tool to transport out Consumer indexing and Load Flow Studies for Primary and Secondary distribution Network at Sihora township, near Jabalpur, under the Poorv Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Company ( MPPKVVCL ) and I was associated with this survey. Both these surveies were conducted at the same time. Basic aim was to update consumer informations and program betterment in the Network and to make away with over-loading of transformers and feeders so as to accomplish an acceptable electromotive force profile i.e, to supply all L.T. & A ; H.T. Consumers electromotive force in the scope 6 % . Following stairss are covered in the instance survey ;Field work for placing assets or GPS Survey.Transportation of GPS Co-ordinates to Lat-Lon Co-ordinates utilizing iilwis package.Downloading of orbiter images utilizing Google Earth pro.Alliance of spacial informations.Forming Database.Conducting Load Flow Study.Decision summarises the result of this survey. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review 1 â€Å" Application of Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems in Human-centered Emergencies: Lessons Learned, Programme Implications and Future Research†by Reinhard Kaiser Centers for Disease Control CDC and Prevention ( CDC ) , Paul B. Spiegel CDC, Alden K. Henderson CDC, Michael L. Gerber CDC ( Published by Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA ) . This paper discusses application of GIS & A ; GPS in human exigencies. 2.2 Review 2 International diary onNetwork Analysis in Geographic Information Science: Review, Assessment, and Projections ( Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2007, pp. 103-111 ) byKevin M. Curtin. This documents informs thatNetwork informations constructions were one of the earliest representations in geographic information systems ( GIS ) , and web analysis remains one of the most important and relentless research and application countries in geographic information scientific discipline. 2.3 Review 3 GIS AND NETWORK ANALYSIS ( By Manfred M. Fischer Department of Economic Geography & A ; Geoinformatics Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration Rossauer Lande 23/1 A-1090 Vienna, Austria ) . Writer has described that the information theoretical accounts and design issues which are specifically oriented to GIS-T, and identified several betterments of the traditional web informations theoretical account that are needed to back up advanced web analysis in a land transit context. 2.4 Review 4 Electrical Network Mapping and Consumer Indexing utilizing GIS ( By S P S Raghav Chairman and Managing Director UPCL, Dehradun and Jayant K Sinha Dy General Manager ( IT ) UPCL, Dehradun ) . This paper analyzes the present power scenario and the function of GIS in spearheading the Distribution reforms processes to better the power industry’s viability. 2.5 Review 5 GIS Based Power Distribution System: A Case Study For The Bhopal City( Dr. Tripta Thakur, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal ) . Asset function utilizing GPS and high declaration remote feeling images has been reported in this paper utilizing Arc GIS 9.1software. Problem Definition The East DISCOM, at Jabalpur identified few townships as pilot undertakings for system betterment where the bing distribution web were- haphazard, shabbily constructed and expanded in an unplanned mode. AT & A ; C losingss were extortionately high runing between 50-60 % . With this in position, the GPS based information was opted to make reliable informations base and transport out the burden flow survey for the web at 11kv degree to obtain electromotive force profile within the prescribed bound of  ± 6 % and besides to place low electromotive force pockets. Aims of Thesis.Constitution of baseline informations.Renovation and modernisation of 33/11 & A ; 11/0.4 KV Sub-Stations.Decrease of AT & A ; C losingss.Improvement of Voltage Profiles.Commercial viability.Improved care – Decrease of outages & A ; breaks.Increase consumer satisfaction by supplying good quality power supply.Chapter 3:GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONING SYSTEM ( GPS ) GPS FactsDeveloped by Department of Defence as a military navigational tool.Systems birth was in the early 1970’s24 Satellites revolving at high heights ( 11,000 stat mis ) First Satellite launched in 1978Became to the full operational in April 1995Useful dark & A ; twenty-four hours – rain or radianceUse of wireless moving ridgesAccuracy depends on unit, some are accurate to a centimeter.There are 3 orbits – LEO ( long Earth orbit ) , MEO ( average Earth orbit ) and GEO ( geostationary Earth orbit ) . The GPS system is located in GEO orbit.3.1 Geographic placement system ( GPS ) GPS is a world-wide radio-navigation system formed from a configuration of 24 orbiters and their land Stationss. It uses these â€Å" semisynthetic stars † as mention points to cipher places accurate to a affair of metres. These orbiters have really accurate redstem storksbills on board. The orbiters continuously send wireless signals towards Earth. These wireless signals are picked up by GPS receiving systems Figure – 1 GPS receiving systems have become really economical, doing the engineering accessible to virtually everyone. GPS provides uninterrupted 3-dimensional positioning 24 hours a twenty-four hours to the military and civilian users throughout the universe. These yearss GPS is happening its manner into autos, boats, planes, building equipment, farm machinery, even laptop computing machines. It has a enormous sum of applications in GIS informations aggregation, surveying, and function. GPS is progressively used for precise placement of geospatial informations and the aggregation of informations in the field. Figure – 2 Figure – 3 3.2 GPS Control Stations There are five control Stationss that monitor the orbiters. †¢ Control stations enable information on Earth to be transmitted to the orbiters ( updates and all right turning ) . †¢ Control Stationss continuously track orbiters, and update the places of each orbiter. †¢ Without control Stationss, the truth of the system would degrade in a affair of yearss. 3.3 GPS Receivers †¢ GPS units are referred to as â€Å"receivers† . †¢ They receive information ( wireless signals ) from orbiters. †¢ The GPS receiving system is made of three parts ; I ) Satellites revolving the Earth two ) control and monitoring Stationss on Earth and three ) GPS receiving systems owned by users. GPS satellites send signals from infinite which are picked up and identified by GPS receiving systems. Each GPS receiving system so provides three dimensional location ( latitude, longitude, and height ) along with clip taken. 3.4 Three sections of GPS The Space section:The infinite section consists of 20 four orbiters circling the Earth at an height of 12,000 stat mis. High height allows the signals to cover a big country. The orbiters are arranged in their orbits such that a GPS receiving system on Earth can ever have a signal from at least four orbiters at any given clip. Each orbiter transmits low wireless signals with a alone codification on different frequences. The GPS receiving system identifies the signals. The chief intent of these coded signals is to let for appraisal of travel clip from the orbiter to the GPS receiving system. The travel clip multiplied by the velocity of light peers the distance from the orbiter to the GPS receiving system. Since these are low power signals and won’t travel through solid objects, it is of import to hold a clear position of the sky. The Control section: The control section tracks the orbiters and so provides them with corrected orbital and clip information. The control section consists of four remote-controlled control Stationss and one maestro control station. The four remote-controlled Stationss receive informations from the orbiters and so direct that information to the maestro control station where it is corrected and sent back to the GPS orbiters. The User section:The user section consists of the users and their Global positioning system receiving systems. Number of users can hold entree at any minute of clip. 3.5 Working of GPS When a GPS receiving system is turned on, it foremost downloads orbit information of all the orbiters. This processes, the first clip, can take every bit long as 12.5 proceedingss, but one time this information is downloaded, it is stored in the receiving systems memory for future usage. Even though the GPS receiving system knows the precise location of the orbiters in infinite, it still needs to cognize the distance from each orbiter it is having a signal from. That distance is calculated, by the receiving system, by multiplying the speed of the familial signal by the clip it takes the signal to make the receiving system. The receiving system already knows the speed, which is the velocity of a wireless moving ridge or 186,000 stat mis per second ( the velocity of visible radiation ) . To find the clip portion of the expression, the receiving system matches the orbiters transmitted codification to its ain codification, and by comparing them find how much it needs to detain its codifi cation to fit the orbiters code. This delayed clip is multiplied by the velocity of visible radiation to acquire the distance. The GPS receiving systems clock is less accurate than the atomic clock in the orbiter, hence, each distance measuring must be corrected to account for the GPS receiving systems internal clock mistake. Figure – 3 3.6 GPS Terminology 2D Positioning: In footings of a GPS receiving system, this means that the receiving system is merely able to lock on to three orbiters which merely allows for a two dimensional place hole. Without an height, there may be a significant mistake in the horizontal co-ordinate. 3D Placement:Position computations in three dimensions. The GPS receiving system has locked on to 4 orbiters. This provides an height in a add-on to a horizontal co-ordinate, which means a much more accurate place hole. Real Time Differential GPS: Real-time DGPS employs a 2nd, stationary GPS receiving system at a exactly measured topographic point ( normally established through traditional study methods ) . This receiving system corrects any mistakes found in the GPS signals, including atmospheric deformation, orbital anomalousnesss, Selective Availability ( when it existed ) , and other mistakes. A DGPS station is able to make this because its computing machine already knows its precise location, and can easy find the sum of mistake provided by the GPS signals. DGPS corrects or reduces the effects of:Orbital mistakesAtmospheric deformationSelective HandinessSatellite clock mistakesReceiver clock mistakesDGPS can non rectify for GPS receiving system noise in the user’s receiving system, multipath intervention, and user errors. In order for DGPS to work decently, both the user’s receiving system and the DGPS station receiving system must be accessing the same orbiter signals at the same clip. Figure – 4

A Biography of Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander

As a leading civil rights, political, and legal advocate for African-Americans and women, Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander is considered to be a fighter for social justice. When Alexander was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1947, she was described as: â€Å"[...] [A]n active worker for civil rights, she has been a steady and forceful advocate on the national, state, and municipal scene, reminding people everywhere that freedoms are won not only by idealism but by persistence and will over a long time[†¦]† Some of her greatest achievements where: 1921: First African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in the United States.1921: First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania.1927: First African-American woman to enroll and earn a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania.1943: First woman to hold a national office in the National Bar Association. Alexanders Family Legacy Alexander came from a family with a rich legacy. Her maternal grandfather, Benjamin Tucker Tanner was appointed the bishop of the African Method Episcopal Church. Her aunt, Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson was the first African-American woman to receive a license to practice medicine in Alabama. And her uncle was internationally acclaimed artist Henry Ossawa Tanner. Her father, Aaron Albert Mossell, was the first African-American to graduate from  the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1888. Her uncle, Nathan Francis Mossell, was the first African-American physician to graduate from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School and co-founded the Frederick Douglass Hospital in 1895. Early Life and Education Born in Philadelphia in 1898, as Sarah Tanner Mossell, she would be called Sadie throughout her life. Throughout her childhood, Alexander would live between Philadelphia and Washington D.C. with her mother and older siblings. In 1915, she graduated from the M Street School and attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Education. Alexander graduated with a bachelors degree in 1918 and the following year, Alexander received her masters degree in economics. Awarded the Francis Sergeant Pepper fellowship, Alexander went on to become the first African- American woman to receive a Ph.D. in the United States. Of this experience, Alexander said â€Å"I can well remember marching down Broad Street from Mercantile Hall to the Academy of Music where there were photographers from all over the world taking my picture.† After receiving her Ph.D. in economics from University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School of Business, Alexander accepted a position with the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company where she worked for two years before returning to Philadelphia to marry Raymond Alexander in 1923. The First Female African-American Lawyer Soon after marrying Raymond Alexander, she enrolled in the University of Pennsylvanias Law School where she became a very active student, working as a contributing writer and associate editor on the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. In 1927, Alexander graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law and later became the first African-American woman to pass and be admitted to the Pennsylvania State Bar. For thirty-two years, Alexander worked with her husband, specializing in family and estate law. In addition to practicing law, Alexander was served as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia from 1928 to 1930 and again from 1934 to 1938. Trumans Committee of Human Rights The Alexanders were active participants in the Civil Rights Movement and practiced civil rights law as well. While her husband served on the city council, Alexander was appointed to President Harry Trumans Committee of Human Rights in 1947. In this position, Alexander helped to develop the concept of a national civil rights policy when she co-authored the report, To Secure These Rights. In the report, Alexander argues that Americans—regardless of gender or race—should be granted the opportunity to improve themselves and in doing so, strengthen the United States. Later, Alexander served on the Commission on Human Relations of the City of Philadelphia from 1952 to 1958. In 1959, when her husband was appointed as a judge to the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, Alexander continued to practice law until her retirement in 1982. She later died  in 1989 in Philadelphia.