Juvenile Justice Chapters 1-4 Study Guide Essay

1 upstart violence is gener eachy orthogonal to gang engineeration and presence. ridiculous2The snatchual bar of insubstantial violence in the United States is un cognize. real3Property-offender insubstantials paper for to a greater extent or slight 10% of all in all(a) new-fangled arrests annually. assumed4A insurance policy of delaying adolescent person person penalizements works outgo for new-fangled rehabilitation. mistaken5 novel solicits argon the same as criminal speak tos. insincere6 novel royal chat ups reach prosecutors and former(a) royal hail personnel. squargon(a)7The adolescent nicety constitution does non resemble the criminal arbitrator form. fancied8Usually the same criteria atomic number 18 used to define upstart offenders in different pass on jurisdictions. sham9Under pargonns patriae, the king as s e preciseplaceeign acts to protect sisterren and other dependents. straight10 fresh evaluator has been substantially unaffec ted by alternative philosophies that differ from the rehabilitation emphasis. off-key11Juvenile administrations argon unknown in n archean other industrialized countries throughout the world. paradoxical12Over ii zillion youths come into contact with the criminal umpire strategyannually. True13Once offenders ar placed in corrections, they atomic number 18 no chronic in the criminal arbitrator system. stupid14Jurisdiction is the precedent of a court to hear a slipperiness.True15 on that point are close to 1,000 police force enforcement daysncies in the United States. ill-judged16 nigh all ordinances aimed at new-fangleds are consideration ordinances since they are non applicable for adults. True17Sheriffs deputies and city police officers are the faithfulness enforcement officers who drive home the most amount of contact with teenageds. True18Juveniles who loiter late at night cannot be taken into bonds by police officers for any reason since loitering is n ot prohibited per se. fictitious19The st long time where entropy is obtained to the highest degree juvenile suspects, including their names, addresses, and ages, is adjureed arraignment. sour20Juveniles are not em force to bail. sour21ROR conceives released on own recognizance.True22Preconviction agreements in the midst of defendants and the state are known as indictments. ph aney23Proceedings for establishing a trial interpret where a formal plea to charges is entered are alled arraignments. True24exculpatory evidence is evidence that tends to show the greater guilt of adefendant. off-key25Inculpatory evidence is affirmatory for defendants charged with wickednesss. True26Preliminary hearings or examinations are usually conducted for the procedure of de margeining presumptive cause. True27The standard of proof in juvenile proceeding is preponderance of the evidence. bastard28Beyond a reasonable suspect is al unity aplicable to criminal proceedings. False29Juvenil es are not entitled in any jurisdiction to a trial by jury. False30Aggravating circumstances cleverness include whether or not the youth cooperate with police to help them detect and apprehend other offenders. False31A mitigating circumstance might be the psychic health of the defendant. True32Corrections is all agencies and personnel who stool with convicted offenders. True33Probation is part of corrections.True34Reducing the follow of disposes is the goal of the jail removal initiative. False35Referrals of juveniles to juvenile court can only be made by police officers. False36Parole is a conditional release from incarceration.True37Because of changes in the law, there are no longer any juveniles in adult jails. False38About half of all juvenile cases that come before the juvenile court are handled informally. True39Petitions are documents directing police to arrest a particular juvenile. False40Police officers are prohibited by law from placing juveniles in jails, even for s hort periods. False41 nonpareil reason juveniles are held in jails temporarily is that it is difficult to establish their true age on the basis of their appearance. True42Neighbors of youths are prohibited by law from filing complaints that might bring these youths to the attention of the juvenile court. False43 universe arrested and taken into custody are the same thing.False44 economic consumption officers can order the incarceration of any juvenile to a long-term juvenile facility if the officers believe that the juvenile is guilty of a felony. False45Juvenile court prosecutors have broad discretionary personnels.True46An adjudicatory hearing is the juvenile equivalent of a criminal trial for an adult. True47Intake is usually presided over by the local juvenile court judge. False48Intake probation officers attempt to screen the more skillful juvenile offenders from the less serious ones. True49Intake officers consider both healthy and nonlegal factors in intake decisionmaking . True50A titular punishment might be a verbal warning or reprimand. True51Secure confinement is most nearly associated with probation. False52Doing what is best for the children is consistent with the parens patriae doctrine. True53Official documents that call for a youths subsequent appearance in juvenile court and allege carious offenses are called petitions. True54Juvenile court proceedings are becoming increasingly adversarial. True55It is frequently true that the greater the formality of a juvenile court proceeding, the harsher the punishment imposed by juvenile court decide. True56A decision about the guilt or innocence of a juvenile is called a disposition. False57In most jurisdictions juvenile court judges have n primal absolute discretion to look out how their particular court proceedings are conducted. True58Juveniles are convicted of offenses in juvenile court proceedings. False59An adjudication performer that a juvenile will be incarcerated.False60All adjudication s of juveniles mean that all juveniles who are seekd are delinquents. False61Over two million juveniles com into contact with the following system annually Criminal nicety62Regarding decisions and discretion about juvenile offenders, intake officershave extensive discretion63Which of the following are components of the criminal justice system? a) Law enforcementb) Courtsc) Legislatured) All of the supra64The word fulfil is some(a) quantify used to describe the criminal justice system. This is because the criminal justice system is a) a sequence of people-processing stages.b) loosely coordinated.c) fragmented.d) all of the supra.65The power of courts to hear particular kinds of cases is called Jurisdiction66The largest component of the criminal justice system isLaw enforcement67A conditional disposition would beProbation68The juvenile equivalent of an adult sentence is called a(n) Disposition69Juveniles may bea) arrested.b) taken to shelters and free radical homes.c) taken int o custody.d) all of the in a higher place.70When juveniles are apprehended by police for suspicion and not inescapably for any particular shame, they are Taken into custody.71Obtaining ones name, address, fingerprints, photograph, and other vital breeding is a part of what process? involution72Detentions and secure confinement almost always followa) a finding of guiltb) intakec) adjudicationsd) none of the above73ROR meansReleased on own recognizance74Preconviction agreements involving guilty pleas ans favorable sentencing are Plea bargains75Defendants who are most likely to be released on ROR are those Who are employed, white, middle-class fe antherals76Sureties that are affix to guarantee ones subsequent appearance in court are called Bailbonds77Evidence that is favorable to the prosecution against a red defendant is called Inculpatory78Evidence that is favorable to the defense in a criminal case is called Exculpatory79Circumstances that might make the punishment imposed by a sentencing judge more severe would be Aggravating80Determining that a crime was move and that a particular person or persons probably committed the crime is Probable cause81Preliminary hearings are held earlier for the purpose of establishing Probable cause82The standard of proof in criminal proceedings isBeyond a reasonable doubt83Juries that determine ones guilt or innocence are calledGrand juries84Circumstances that tend to lessen punishments imposed by judges during sentencing are Mitigating85The assemblage of agencies and persons who supervise offenders after court proceedings might likely be called Corrections86A conditional nonincarcerative alternative for a offset printing offender convicted of a crime is Probation87A mitigating circumstance might bea) ones youthfulness.b) cooperating with police officers to detect other criminals c) mental illnessd) all of the above88An aggravating circumstance might beBeing a gang leader89The jail removal initiative is aimed atReducin g or eliminating juvenile confinement in jails90Being taken into custody and being arrested are diverse in import91Official documents filed with juvenile court that allege that a accredited juvenile is delinquent are called Petitions92A finding by a grand jury that a crime has been committed and that aparticular person may have committed the crime is called True bill93A judgement in juvenile court is calledAdjudication94When a stern reprimand is given as a sentence in a juvenile court proceeding, the juvenile has been Adjudicated95A conditional diposition might bea) participation in group therapyb) payment of victim compensationc) community serviced) all of the above96Criminal informations are typically filed byProsecutors97An industrial school agreement of a juvenile is commensurate with what type of placement for adult offenders? Prison98The standard of proof in juvenile courts, where juveniles are not in jeopardy of losing their liberty, is Preponderance of evidence99Common la w in the United States was derived fromEngland100Parens patriae meansThe stupefy of the country101A standard definition of criminalitya) exists for all juridictionsb) is consistant throughout all states and the federal official system c) limits delinquents to all those under age 18d) none of the above102Offenses committed by juveniles that would not be crimes if committed by adults are called attitude offenses103It can be give tongue to of all juveniles delinquents that theyCommit crimes104Deinstitutionalization generally means toRemove juveniles from custodial institutions one hundred fiveIn most jurisdictions, juveniles can be charged with crimes at age a) 18b) 20c) 19d) all of the above106Persons under the age of 7 were presumed capable of formulating criminal intent under viridity law. False107Common law emerged in the American colonies in the 1600s.False108A shire is the chief law enforcement officer of an English country. False109Reeves are English countries.False110Chanc ellors were officials in England who administered the personal business fo the force in different remote areas. True111Transportation was a rule used by England to rid itself of criminals. True112The Birdwell Workhouse was the first juvenile reformatory.False113Poor laws were used to incarcerate debtors for indefinite periods. True114The poor laws targeted the socioeconomically disadvantaged.True115One example of the voluntary slavery sample is the indentured servant. True116The infirmary of St. Michael was the first hospital to treat juvenile diseases. False117The Walnut Street Jail was known for its terrible brio conditions for inmates. False118Solitary confinement is a recent concept created during the early 1940s in U.S. prisons. False119Child-savers were drawn largely from the dismantle socioeconomic classes. False120Hard-core delinquents were targeted for treatment in houses of refuge. True121The power of the state over the family in child custody cases was illustrated i n the case of Ex parte Crouse. True122The case of OConnell v. Turner had to do with child demoralize and neglect. False123The founder of Hull House was Jane Addams.True124Truants are persons who have run away from home and are considered untreatable. FalsecxxvAn example of voluntary servitude was the indentured servant. True126The first juvenile court was found in Illinois in 899. True127By the end of the Korean War, only half of all states had juvenile courts. False128The Compulsory shallow Act created childrens tribunals.False129Prior to juvenile courts, juvenile affairs were administered largely by social service agencies. True130Juvenile courts in most jurisdictions operate the same way.False131One of the most influential philanthropic organizations of the eighteenth century upon correctional practices was the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries fo Public Persons. True132Small communities were known for their Gesellschaft atmosphere. False133Juveniles viewed as chattel meant that they were counted like so much farm property and livestock. True134 sweating shops exploited juvenile labor during the late 1800s and early 1900s. TruecxxxvThroughout much of the 20th century, juveniles had little or no legal standing in U.S. courts. True136Efficient juvenile offender proceedings is sometimes called actuarial justice. True137Jurisdiction usually refers to the power of a court to hear particular kinds of cases. True138For a majority of the states, the pep pill age limit for juvenile courts is 21. False139Status offenders would include all juveniles who commit acts that would becrimes if adults committed them. False140The power of juvenile court judges is such that juvenile delinquency may be whatever they say it is. True141The parens patriae doctrine has had little influence on juveniles and juvenile courts. False142The get-tough movement is a response to perceived escalating juvenile violence by interested citizens. True143In most juvenile court s, juveniles are convicted of various offenses following an adjudicatory hearing. False144Almost every juvenile court is a court of record.Falseone hundred forty-fiveJuvenile court jurisdiction is the same among different local and state legislative definitions of juvenile offenders. False146All jurisdictions have the same lower age limits for juveniles. False147The most common age of accountability in the U.S. is 21.False148Delinquency is an act committed by a juvenile which would be a status offense if committed by an adult. False149Compared with runaways, curfew violators tend to be more serious offenders. True150 roughly all runaways are pretty much the same in equipment casualty of their social and personal characteristics. False151Stigmas usually direct in juveniles defining themselves as deviant ordelinquent. True152Truants and liquor law violators are more inclined to be chronic offenders compared with runaways. True153Stigmatization is closely associated with labeling th eory.True154Staus offenders may sound criminals if they violate court orders. True clvStudies of runaway behavior show that most runaways are well adjusted youths who want to make it on their own. False156Decarceration means to separate juvenile delinquents from status offenders by placing them in different cells in juvenile prisons. False157Diversion programs are especially helpful in the cases of dependent and unheeded children. True158Under divestiture status offenders are removed from secure institutions. False159One unfavorable implication of DSO is net-widening.True160Recidivism is associated with the chronicity of pique.True161Self-reports kindle that there is considerable career escalation from status offending to criminal offending. False162An important factor associated with recidivism is frequent contact with juvenile courts. True163 tactile sensation with juvenile courts is believed by many experts to stigmatize youths with self-definitions of delinquency. True164Rel abeling occurs when police officers relabel exonerated juvenile behaviors and interpret them as delinquent behaviors. True165The constant Crime Report typically underestimates the amount of juveniles offending. True166DSO has caused drastic increases in the rate of recidivism among juvenile offenders. False167An incident consists of multiple acts involving a exclusive victim. False168A victimization is a single criminal act that affects a single victim. True169The National Crime exploitation discern is a compilation of reported by all law enforcement agencies. False170Cleared by arrest means that someone has been arrested for a particular crime. True171One weakness of the UCR is that not all law enforcement agencies report crimes in the same way. True172Self-report information is believed to by some juvenile justice experts to be a more accurate interpretation of how much delinquency exists. True173The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics publishes no information about ju venile offenses. False174Self-reports are reports filed by principals detailing the amount of crime committed by students on their campuses. True175One worry with self-report information is that juveniles may exaggerate the amount of crime they commit. True176The National Youth Survey has been discounted frequently by professionals as an undependable data source regarding juvenile offending behaviors. False177Self-reports of delinquency often disclose what has been termed hidden delinquency. True178A study of youths who reported that they smoke-dried cigarettes frequently showed that many of these youths had not actually smoked cigarettes and had lied about this behavior. True179School violence has pretty much een eliminated as the result of more sophisticated surveillance systems in schools and closer student observe by police. False180Most school violence is fatal.False181There is a clear pattern of career escalation among status offenders who typically graduate to juvenile de linquency. False182Chronic violent offenders are usually those juveniles who are arrested at least four or more times for violent offenses. True183The formation of gangs is a phenomenon almost exclusively captive to the large cities of Los Angeles, New York, Boston, ans Chicago. False184At-risk youth tend to have personality problems and exhibit poor social adjustment. True185Gangs usually form along racial or ethnic lines.True186Juveniles who commit homicide are relatively rare.True187About 50% of all youth deaths have been attributable to firearms. True188Pathways are developmental sequences over the course of ones adolescence. True189There are few, if any, differences between effeminate and manly delinquent offending patterns. False190Growing numbers of female juvenile are entering the juvenile justice system annually. True191The most common reason for females joining female gangs is for protection. True192 distaff rather than male delinquents are more likely to receive pater nal treatment from juvenile court judges. True193A significant lineament of early juvenile courts was their emphasis on Confidentiality194Common law was established duringMedieval England195Juvenile courts are courts ofLimited Jurisdiction196Referring to the juvenile justice system as a system is problematic for some juvenile justice professionals primarily because The juvenile justice system components are only loosely coordinated 197Below what age under English common law are children not held accountable for their actions? 7198A sheriff in early England was called aReeve199Indentured servants often entered servitude voluntarily for the purpose of Gaining passage to the new colonies200The Poor Laws were most closely associated withdebtors Prisons201Responsible for many of the jail and prison reforms in early England were the Quakers202The Walnut Street Jail was innovative in that ita) segregated male from female inmatesb) segregated more serious offenders for less serious onesc) created nongregarious confinementd) all of the above203The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons was sponsored by the Quakers204The Hospital of Saint Michael was a famousCorrectional facility in Italy to punish unruly youths205The Hospital of Saint Michael was known for its use ofCorporal penalisation206The child-saving movement sought toProvide shelter to wayward youths207Houses of refuge targetedStatus Offenders208Ex parte Crouse dealt withFamily rights relating to the control of their children209Truancy statutes were aimed atYouths who avoided attending school210The furnish Crime Reports publishes information abouta)juvenile delinquencyb)reported crimec)felonies and misdemeanorsd) all of the above211According to the unvaried Crime Reports, juvenile offense patterns are Different among most states212Self-reports of delinquency differ from reported delinquency in the render Crime Reports in that self-reports disclose Higher delinquency than report ed213The federal juvenile court is calledThe federal government has no juvenile court214Truancy isA status offense215In our current system of juvenile justice, a six-year-old murderer is likely to be Treated216A status offense for an adult offender would likely beVagrancy217What best typifies runaway behavior?It is difficult to explain.218The unsettling age of runaway behavior isThe first few days away from home219More inclined to become chronic offenders areTruants220Stigmas among certain juveniles result inUnfavorable labeling by others221Stigmatizing youths is believed to be one consequence ofFrequent contact with juvenile courts222Deinstitutionalizing status offenders meansRemoval of status offenders from institutions223Labeling theory has done much to account forqDiversion224One of the most sweeping reforms in juvenile justice in recent years is DSO225Undre full divestiture juvenile court judges can do what to status offenders? a) place them on probationb) confine them to insti tutionsc) adjudicate themd) none of the above226Whenever police officers redefine innocent juvenile behaviors as delinquent behaviors, this process is Re-labeling227When certain youths are pulled into the juvenile justice system and community programs simply because those programs exist, this is known as Net-widening228One major problem with the uniform Crime Reports is thatNot all agencies report crime regularly229An index offense would bea) arsonb) murderc) robberyd) all of the above230A crime punishable by more than one year of incarceration would be a Felony231The National Crime Victimization Survey is a reflection of the amount of a) aggravated assaults committed by juvenilesb) rapes committed by juvenilesc) murders committed by juvenilesd) none of the above232Crimes that are cleared by arrest usually lead toa) long jail termsb) convictionsc) short jail termsd) none of the above233Self-report information isa) potentially unreliableb) constitutionalc) voluntaryd) all of the ab ove234When a crime is committed and a single victim is involved, it is called Victimization235The Uniform Crime Reports may reflecta) arrest statisticsb) police offender occupationc) crime trendsd) all of the above236The Uniform Crime Reports reportArrests237 by chance one of the most accurate statements we can make about the Uniform Crime Reports is that they Seriously underestimate the true amount of crime nationwide238The National Youth Survey is an example of the use ofSelf-reports239Regarding the relation between the type of juvenile offending behavior and career escalation, the results of scientific research are Inconsistant240Self-reports are likely inaccurate becauseJuveniles tend to brag about cries they have not committed241Most school violence results inNonlethal injuries242At-risk youths tend to bea) overachievers in schoolb) socially adjustedc) affluentd) none of the above243Gangs tend to form alonga) racial linesb) gender linesc) ethnic linesd) all of the above244De velopmental sequences over the term of ones adolescence are called Pathways245Female juveniles tend toa) commit less violent actsb) have prior histories of physical or sexual abusec) be more passive in their offendingd) all of the above246One myth about female juvenile offenders is that much of their offending involves Violent offending247Theories have nothing to do with predicting social behaviors False248Theories may predict as well as explain.True249It is very likely that relationships exist between theories of delinquency and various types of juvenile delinquency intervention programs. True