Public Administration Dichotomy

RESOURCE MATERIAL series nary(prenominal) 56 conjunction POLICING IN THE CONTEXT OF SINGAPORE Jarmal Singh* I. INTRODUCTION capital of capital of capital of Singapore has gr possess in many ways all over the last 40 days to scram a city-state that enjoys a game level of stinting growth, political perceptual constancy and nigh importantly, a sense of prophylactic and auspices. It was not a swimming journey, as the country experienced its turbulent flowings in the 1950s and the 1960s, characterised by problems of political inst might, communist insurgency, secret societies, unemployment and communal riots.Today, Singapores law-breaking rate is abject by inter subject field standards and has declined conquestively for 9 geezerhood from 1989 till 1997. Crime rate has just now edged up around by 5. 2% in 1998 when the wide-cut South East Asia persona plunged into financial and economic crisis. The rise was mostly attri exactlyed to theft of handph aces and cash cards, and immigration offences. Amidst the rapid modernisation of society, much of the trans changeation from the old shame-ridden town to a safe city today can be attributed to the Singaporean political relations tough stance towards criminals and criminality in the form of stiff laws and heavy penalties.Apart from the strict laws and rigorous enforcement, the improvement of the cordial and economic situation helped to control crime. Over the erstwhile(prenominal) 15 years, the Singapore jurisprudence Force (SPF) has made two substantive diversitys in the knowledge domain of policing in light of social and economic changes. The first beingness the introduction * legate Director Operations, law Headquarters, Singapore Police Force, Re existence of Singapore. of a partnership-based policing outline through the Neighbourhood Police Post (NPP) scheme in 1983 and the convert towards biotic fellowship of interests-foc drilld policing through the creation of Neighbourhood Po lice Centres (NPCs) in 1997.Prior to 1983, policing strategies were responsive in nature. Police deal were dispensed centrally, mainly through the 8 law of nature stations lively at the time. apiece natural law station served a very queen-sized bea and these plains were patrolled by cars. Impacted by urbanisation, social and economic transformations, the constabulary were faced with rising crime and a loss of prevalent contact and support. The SPF then realised the importance of breeding closer legal philosophy-community relations in an labor to prevent crime.By re-orienting a patrol strategy that was skewed towards the motorised mode to adept that was community oriented and emphasised foot patrol, it is felt that the law could create a heightened sense of presence and visibility to deter crimes. The Neighbouhood Police Post (NPP) administration, adequate from the Japanese Koban corpse, was introduced in 1983. Eight NPPs were set up as a fly in a constituency, with a view to assess the concern and winner of the dodge in Singapores environs. The trial was a success. By 1993, the entire set of 91 NPPs was set up throughout the island.This was accompanied by move crime and change magnitude sense of safety and security amongst the normal. However, in view of rising expectations of both the public and law of nature law of nature officers, and the need to address in the raw disputes arising 126 RESOURCE MATERIAL serial publication No. 56 IV. SPFS ADOPTION OF THE company POLICING STRATEGY The pigment strategical driver for the SPFs adoption of the community-oriented policing model was to establish and leverage community support for our own law enforcement policies and strategies in the face of a ever-changing operating environment. The find out changes in the operating environment were as views.A. change magnitude Crime Trend (1974 to 1983) Firstly, although the crime rate in Singapore was low by world standards, there was a dis turbing trend of an general increase in all types of crime (except violent property crimes) for the period 1974 to 1983. Analysis revealed that 70% of such crimes were fellowship-breaking, theft of vehicles, and robbery which could absorb been prevented. The promotional material of community-oriented policing would help the SPF to battle crime, as improved guardpublic relationships should result in a senior high schooler level of crime streak aw atomic number 18ness and greater public co-operation with the law of nature.B. Change in Population Distribution Secondly, the population distribution was changing. In the 1960s, before the creation of the Housing growing Board (HDB), the bulk of Singapores population was concentrated in the contract of the city. However, as a result of the HDB success in providing low cost public housing, somewhat 84% of Singapores population shifted from the city area to new towns and estates all over the island. These new public housing estate s comprised mainly of high rise buildings and these lessened the opportunities for the public to interact with the practice of law.The SPF could no longer plainly rely on the 8 di hatfulal natural law stations for commodity and speedy service. There was a pressing need to develop a new, efficient response corpse that could cope with the changing operating environment and at the like time, offer opportunities for meaningful legal philosophy-public inter put to death in a densely popu recentd, urban environment. This spurred the SPF to develop the decentralised governing body of the NPP to serve the necessitate of the urban population better. C. Rising Public Expectations Thirdly, the general population was more and more affluent and educated. This raised two challenges for the SPF. bingle was to go through rising public expectations of the police service. The other was stiff competition from the public and private sectors for prime(prenominal) recruits. The nature and p rospects of police drub was deemed by the younger generation as comparatively unappealing. Community-oriented policing addressed these two challenges by raising the quality of police run through attracting better quality officers seeking job challenge and satisfaction in the enhanced job scope. D. Learning From the Japanese Koban System At this stage, the SPF was in search of a successful community policing model.This was lay out in the form of the Japanese Koban (or police post) body. In Japan, the high crime clearance rate of 60% was due to the believe and co-operation that the public had with the police. Statistics overly indicated that 80% of the Japanese public readily provided information to help the police arrest offenders. The desire to learn from the Japanese experience and to emulate the success of the Koben ashes led to the institutionalisation of community policing as the new policing strategy and doctrine of the SPF. 28 1twelfth INTERNATIONAL TRAINING function tour EXPERTS cover V. THE neighbourhood POLICE POST (NPP) SYSTEM A. Study Team In November 1981, a aggroup of Japanese experts was invited to help implement the Koban System in Singapore. The Koban system was to be adapted for use in the Singaporean environment, with varying social settings and attitudes of the populace. With the recommendation of the Study Te a m t o e s t a b l i s h o n e N P P p e r constituency, 8 NPPs were first realised on 1 June 1983 in the 8 onstituencies in sensation police division. The second phase of carrying out began with the setting up of several NPPs in two other police divisions. Positive public response to the NPP system lead to the acceleration of the final implementation phase ending in December 1994. There are now 91 NPPs throughout the island. One division was merged with neighbouring divisions so that manpower saved could be deployed to the frontline, to escort the needs of the new system. B.Purpose of the NPP system The NPP system was implemented in Singapore with the hobby objectives To i m p r o v e p o l i c e c o m m u n i t y relations in Singapore To prevent and suppress crime through the co-operation of and support from the community and To project a better police image and win the say-so of the public in the police with more community-oriented operate. C. Infrastructure / Location NPPs are the most old(prenominal) police contacts of the community within their neighbourhood.They are kept small to be personal, but big enough to make an impact in the community. The area of coverage of all(prenominal) NPP is based largely on the political boundaries. The amount population covered by all(prenominal) NPP is more or less 35,000. Being the most familiar police contacts, the NPPs nominate been located where their services volition be demanded most. Factors such as the number of households and population are taken into reflection in setting up and locating NPPs, to concern out to the widest espou se-at-able section of the population. D. Oganisational Structure A NPP is manned by a team of some 12 29 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS in crime prevention. Another effect of the NPP system is the decentalisation of police functions from the divisional level to neighbourhood level. The police at the frontline are more authorize with greater autonomy and discretion to discharge their duties. This has expedited police response to crime incidents and improved quality service. The decentralisation principle has besides enabled the police to penetrate deeper into the society and thereby potently pre-empt criminogenic conditions.It is possible for the police to tap valuable information about the people and the conditions that are causing criminality. Community policing has shifted its emphasis from car patrols to foot and bicycle patrolling. Together with house visits, this has brought the police very much closer to the community. The increased visibilit y of the police in the neighbourhoods has helped to deter crimes and eliminate the general fear of crime in society. This is alike noted in the decreasing crime rates all(prenominal) year.With community policing, the public has to a fault become more aware of its region and responsibility in crime prevention and detection. The number of public-assisted arrests had steadily increased from 33. 6% in 1992 to 34. 8% in 1993 and 36. 1% in 1994. That is about 1/3 of the nitty-gritty arrests made The close co-operation is not only reflective of the high level of public spiritedness but also the evolving partnership surrounded by the public and the police in crime busting. The SPF has change the trust of the public in the police.Two surveys conducted in 1987 and 1991 confirmed that NPPs countenance created more and closer contact with the public NPP system has increased the confidence of the general public in the police NPP system has had a exacting impact on the image of the poli ce. Community policing and the NPP system has brought the police services to the community, helped Singapore achieve a low crime environment, and enabled SPFs to r individually out to the public. There is ample evidence that the community policing strategy and the NPP system in Singapore is a success.The 1996 Global Competitiveness Report ranks Singapore the safest city in the world in terms of its residents confidence that their person and property are protected. VII. BUILDING ON THE COMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGY The NPP based system of community policing has served the SPF well for 14 years from 1983 to 1997. In 1996, the SPF initiated a review of its usable strategy. The review was driven by the realisation that the future would not be built through perfecting the past, no matter how successful it had been.More importantly, the SPF moldiness ensure that the success of the NPP system itself does not become a limiting force that stifles growth and innovation in meeting new policing challenges and public needs. As the SPF enters the new millennium, being the sole provider of policing services, the memorial tablet owes its fellow citizens to further improve the already low-crime environment and strive to make Singapore even safer than it already is. Policing must(prenominal) be d superstar smarter and more in effect(p)ly than before. It is also clear in the SPFs vision to become a crocked service government by 31 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 56 making continuous improvement to work processes to meet rising public expectations. At the same time, the SPF wants to offer every officer within the organisation a more enriching job scope and experience that stretches the officers abilities and helps maximise their potential. Since the implementation of the NPP system, the SPF has retained its traditional, reactive policing capabilities (namely, fast response patrols and investigation teams) in its 7 land divisions.Only the 91 NPPs that report to these police divis ions subscribe to evolved along the direction of developing community-based policing capabilities. Community-based policing has also been refined incrementally over the past 14 years. One recent innovation is the doctrine of problem-solving, chthonic which NPPs initiate the resolution of certain community law and order problems that rear from simple systemic causes. The problem-solving approach makes community policing more legal because it is proactive and pools the whole community together in a concerted effort to ensure a safe, peaceful and cohesive society.An example of a good problem-solving case is that by Hong Kah South NPP. The NPP used to receive many complaints about coffee-shop patrons consuming beer, after midnight, even when the coffee-shops in question were closed. Residents complained about the perpetual noise pullution, littering, vandalism (often vulgar words written on walls), urinating in public places, and fighting. The coffeeshop patrons unruly behaviour c aused sleep deprivation to the residents, dirtied the neighbourhood and created a sense of public unease (especially to young ladies returning home late at night).Aware that repeated one-off responses to such incidents is not an operationally effective solution to the problem, Hong Kah South NPP adopted the following solution. A. Co-operation with Coffee-shop Owners Mindful of the need to take good rapport and act in partnership with community resources to sever local community problems, Hong Kah South NPP officers sought the co-operation of the owners of the problematic coffee-shops in the following areas (1) Stop the sale of beer and start preparations to close half-an-hour before the end of the stipulated licensing time, so that ample time is given to the patrons to finish their drinks. 2) Stack up the chairs and ar tell them up, before closing the coffee-shop. (3) Re lead all empty bottles from the tables to prevent their use as weapons. B. Dialogue Sessions with Coffeeshop O wners Based on the recommendation of Hong Kah South NPP, unconstipated dialogue sessions with the coffee-shop owners are conducted at the Division Headquarters. Besides crime prevention advice and police recommendations, there is also sharing of good practices amid the coffee-shop owners.This is effective in exerting peer group pressure on the owners of problematic coffee-shops to follow the good example set by their expectparts. The above measures were successful in curbing the problem. Residents now enjoy restful nights, the neighbourhood is pristine in appearance, and a sense of peace and security prevails. 132 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS VIII. NEW OPERATING ENVIRONMENT The SPF is expected to work in an increasingly complex environment, with forces that affect community safety and security arising from a multiplicity of causes.These complex social ills are characterised by plain intractable problems such as juvenile delinquency, spousal violence , the link between substance abuse and property crime, or the law and order problems comprise by foreigners working in Singapore. The SPFs traditional tool of effective enforcement can no longer, by itself, adequately address these challenges. The doctrine of problem-solving, which is targeted at simple systemic causes, and analysed and solved at the level of the NPP, is also impotent in the face of higher-order social dysfunction.In addition, the SPF must concern to meet the rising public expectations of its service standards, as well as its ability to enhance safety and security. A recent survey, commissioned by the aid Improvement Unit (SIU), revealed that one area where the SPF failed to provide high levels of satisfaction, but which was highly important to the public, was the ability of the police to help solve the problems that have been brought to the attention of the NPPs.In October 1997, the SPF made another significant and bold move to re-design the NPP system in a bid to strengthen its community policing approach, in light of the changing environment and factors. A system that can acquit the strengths of the previous NPP system, like tapping on local knowledge to solve crimes, and at the same time can enable the SPF to grow and address key policing needs, ensures its continued relevance.The Neighbourhood Policing Centres (NPCs) system has been created to enhance the community policing approach by Strengthening the SPFs front-line operating system Building a strong service organisation Increasing community involvement and responsibility for its own safety and security and Optimising the value contributed by apiece police officer to the policing process. IX. NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICE CENTRES A. Changes to NPP System In order to deliver decentralised, conciliative, merged and community-focused capabilities, the existing structure of land divisions and NPPs ordain be modified.At the centre of the new operating system is the Neighbourhood Police C entre (NPC). The existing seven police land division go out be reconfigured into 6 policing regions. Reporting to distributively of these regional commands go away be the NPCs. NPCs will be the sole vehicle for front line policing to ensure the communitys safety and security. In the redesigned system, NPCs will be accountable for the total topic of policing in the community. A short summary of the key differences between the NPP system and the NPC system is given in the below figure. 133 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 56NPP System Community policing post with limited services Disparity in workload due to electoral based boundaries widely distributed services to attract residents and establish billets of contact Low value tasks and specify job scope Compartmentalisation of services with many officers severally performing a separate task Lower priority on proactive work Community-based policing NPC System One-stop total policing centre provding the full range of policin g services More efficient pooling of manpower resources to serve the community Focused on services that are critical to safety and security High value, jury job challenge, better quality officers Integrated service process with one NPC officer handling the entire service process Dedicated resources for proactive work Community-focused policing B. One-Stop Total Policing Centre Today, the areas policed by NPPs vary significantly. Some NPPs have jurisdiction over areas with 2,000 households, while other NPPs serve up to 5,000 households.NPCs will however serve areas of similar residential population sizes. On average, each NPC will serve about 100,000 residents. The size of each NPC is kept to between 100-120 officers, with administrative overheads, such as personnel and logistical support borne by the Regional look out over Headquarters. It also ensures that the NPCs are not so large as to present a cold and impersonal image to the public. A total of 32 NPCs will be created b y the year 2001 to serve an indigenous population of 3. 2 million in Singapore. NPCs, as centres of total policing, have a variety of policing options, ranging from reactive patrols and investigations, to proactive policing activities.These 32 NPCs islandwide will be supplemented by at least another 66 NPPs, with each NPC managing between 1 to 4 NPPs. With the creation of NPCs, the current 91 NPPs would be re-distributed to achieve a balance of easy accessibility to police counter services for the public and an optimal number of NPPs to be deployed in the NPC system. The increase of the NPC as the sole vehicle for the provision of policing services means that NPPs throw overboard to be sub-units of a larger police unit. The officers manning each NPP will come from the NPC itself. NPPs therefore represent service points only, with the deployment of patrol, investigative and pro-active policing resources based on the overall needs of the entire NPC area of operations.Each of the si x policing regions will have a dedicated Regional Command Headquarters to oversee police operations. Six Regional Commands will replace the existing seven police divisions. These Regional Commands will comprise the command and support elements for the region. They will also include specialist investigation units, focusing on investigations into serious crimes and other investigations likely to lead to prosecution in court. Each Regional Command will house a NPC to serve as the frontline service point for public interaction. 1 A DGP is a development plan that defines and builds a particular township. In the plan, each towns boundaries are intelligibly mapped out. 134 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS C.Relationship to ripening Guide Plans (DGPs) Unlike the current NPP boundaries which are linked to political constituencies that may change after a General Election, NPC boundaries are based on Urban R e d e v e l o p m e n t A u t h o r i t y s ( U R A ) De velopment Guide Plan1 (DGP) areas for the following reasons (a) The DGP areas, being geographicallybased, provide additional leverage by creating a sense of territorial ownership for the community. This will enhance the communitys identity. (b) Each DGP area also has an expressed vision, which further reinforces a coherent identity for the communities living within that area. (c) DGP areas are permanent, unlike electoral boundaries.Over time, distinct identities can emerge for different communities, without being discontinue by changes in constituency boundaries. Each NPC operates out of police facilities sited within its area of operation. Facilities for the NPCs could be co-located with other community agencies. A single edifice, representing all the community agencies for that area, will tity for the comm the sense of community identity and permanence. As NPCs or NPPs are the means through which the SPF engages in community-focused policing, they can easily blend into a building that encompasses community clubs, community libraries, and service points for other community agencies. approximately NPCs would be sited at 0. 0heart of 0. 0residential area in photing geilities commonmay other 135 12TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS The shift to a community-focused model fundamentally alters the SPFs operating strategy. Successful policing will no longer be measured solely in terms of falling crime rates. As the focus shifts from the police to the community, what matters to the community, for example, its level of safety and security, will determine the success or otherwise of the police mission. Arising from this, it will no longer be appropriate for formulaic approaches to be applied uniformly across the different communities. Police units operating in different communities must develop customised solutions tailored to meet the needs of, and which take into account the constraints on, each community.The need for specific, custom-made and workable solutions will redefine the required levels of operational competence. These demands will fuel the need to develop, at the organisational level, learning competencies so that each customised solution enhances the quality of the future solutions. An operating strategy that is focused on the community also entails a skillful management of relationships between the police and the individuals, grassroots organisations and volunteer groups that form part of the community. Structurally, the SPF will be empowered and decentralised, so that at the front-line, police officers can broker for total solutions in response to community law and order concerns.Such an approach also has other benefits, in particular, by providing opportunities for individual participation in up the quality of life in their community, so that emotional bonds to the community are strengthened. It therefore forms an inportant element in the overall Singapore 21 vision to build a civil society with strong comm unity ties and active citizenry. It is also an integral part of the Governments strategy to piecemeal lower the communitys level of dependency on the government activity and to engender shared responsibility for social problems and their solutions. This is done through a new initiative known as the Community Safety and credentials Programme (CSSP). A CSSP is an action programme articulationtly drawn up by the grassroots leaders, residents and the police.It consists of the pen of the community and its needs, the key agencies involved and the action plans to tackle the community problems affecting the safety and security of the neighbourhood. Through CSSPs, the NPC system aims to shift the communitys mindset from what the police are doing about safety and security to what we can do together. One CSSP is crafted for each precinct / constituency and each differs from another, since different communities in different neighbourhoods might not share the same concerns. The CSSP aims to get the residents more involved and be responsible in victorious actions to address the safety and security concerns affecting their neighbourhoods.The driving belief is that each citizen can make a difference to society. G. Optimising the Contribution of Each Police Officer The SPF currently has a regular component of nearly 8,000 officers and 1,000 civil staff. With falling birth rates, the size of new cohorts joining the workforce grows small each year. As an organisation competing within a limited pool of labour resources, the SPF must be attractive and challenging to bring in the best talents. Whilst the SPF may face the challenge of attracting the best talent to join the organisation, it has to contend with retaining officers over the medium to long term. 137 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 6 SPF Commissioner, Khoo Boon Hui, during one of his dialogue sessions with NPC officers said That is wherefore not only do we have to take care of those who are with us, but to get the best people to join us one of the main motivations of why we are going into the NPC system, is to bring our officers to match the expectations of the job, and to be proud of what we do. Through the NPC system, the SPF is able to redesign its front-line jobs so that it can continue to recruit quality manpower from each graduating cohort. At the same time, in line with the national policy of continuous upgrading, the SPF also needs to push the qualifications of its officers after they have entered the service.Redesigning jobs to create viable and attractive front-line careers in the NPC system will serve to enhance the credibility of the SPF as an institution, and instill trust in the ability of the police to carry out their tasks effectively. The educational profile of police officers serving the community must be kept high to match the broad rise in educational qualification of the society. This will enable the SPF to meet new job demands, greater challenges and the expectations of the public. H. Organisational Structure In order to fulfil its role as being community-focused, and responsive and flexible to the needs of the community, police officers in the NPC operate in an empowered and self-directed fashion. They work as a team, rather than as individual officers.The introductory unit in the NPC is a group of three front-line officers, led by one group leader. This group of four officers is selfdirected, and undertake the entire range of policing responsibilities of the NPC. Each group is also responsible for nurturing and building a net of community relationships within a precinct of about 1,200 1,500 households. As this group is deployed as an operational entity, it will facilitate the process of team learning, a key lever of change and innovation in the redesigned system. An average of 5-6 such groups form one team, which is led by a team leader and one assistant team leader. Each NPC have four teams, reporting to an NPC commander.Each NPC compris e, on average, 100 regular officers. With another 15 full-time national servicemen attached to the NPP, the total strength of the NPC will be about one hundred fifteen officers. X. NPC IMPLEMENTATION PHASES As the NPC system is a major change for the entire the SPF. It involves major re-organisation. Many of these changes will take some time to implement. A phased implementation approach has been adopted Pilot Phase Oct 1997 1st pilot Queenstown NPC created in Central westmost Region. Apr 1998 Another 3 NPCs, namely Bukit Timah NPC, Bukit Merah West NPC and Jurong East NPC were created in same region. Phase I Jun 1999 6 NPCs in West Region to be created. Phase II Jun 2000 4 NPCs to be created in North, North-Eastern and East Regions. 138 112TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE VISITING EXPERTS PAPERS Phase III Jun 2001 SPF believes that its policing changes are set in the right direction. Our success will depend on our willingness to learn and change the way we operate. Our cargo and passion to learn collectively as a team, from the top police chief to the front-line officer, may turn out to be the most significant success factor in our journey into the new policing environment presented by the next millennium. 8 NPCs to be created in Central-Western Region. In Commissioner Khoos words, A pilot is not to test whether the system will succeed or not.It is a pilot in the sense that we allow officers more allowance account to improve the system, to share experiences, resolve operational problems and tell us what is wrong. XI. prior NPCS RESULTS A recent review of the pilot phase implementation has shown positive results and all the NPC objectives are largely met. A large legal age of the officers felt that they had stronger working relationships with their team mates, between teams, supervisors and key officers. 74% of the officers were assured of their abilities in performing the various aspects of NPC duties (information technology systems, procedures and in vestigative duties). 81% of the officers rated the facilities in the NPC to be much better than their previous workplace (NPPs and Land Divisions).Compared to one year before the NPC was set up, one-third of the residents in the precincts felt that the safety in the neighbourhood now was much better. Two-thirds of the residents felt that the police had at least made some improvements to increase security in the neighbourhood with the creation of NPCs. XII. CONCLUSION The community policing framework in Singapore has been shifted to uplift the professionalism in front-line jobs and getting the community more involved in safety and security matters. The re-design of the NPP system builds on the achievements the SPF has made over the past few years community policing, empowerment and quality service. The 139