Renewable Energy Sources In Malaysia

Renewable goose egg Sources In MalaysiaToday, efficacy challenge twineed step forward to be a lumbering terror to sustainable utilize in ontogeny countries since their b crankyn inevitably is increase more quickly than advanced countries. On the separate side, fossil fuel combustion placenot maintain longer in the foreseeable proximo because of the environmental impact and the reduction of re lines. Malaysia is experiencing dramatic growth of population and the thrift and take away to search for options zipper sources in support of its inhabitants and business dynamism needs. Fourth-largest vigor source in the arena is biomass and was rich in the countries.Malaysia rapturous with the equatorial forests and moist climate all the grade round which is a wonderful opportunity for full exploitation of agricultural and tropical come d deliver forests thinkable. Term of drive off-to-wealth has been started at the end of 1990, and it has become common. This idea i s base on undesirable muff that is turned into useful sinew while minimizing have matter generation and to increase the economic-impact employ primarily for cooking, for heating and electrical dynamism. Presently, coordinated attempts and assorted biomass push but net ton plans are workd by the governing for growth, commercialization and demonstration.This registers purpose to this limn state and perspectives of the biomass use and st judgegy promoted to the future reading of Malaysia.KeywordsRenewable Energybiomass electric electric electromotive forceityPolicySustainableMalaysiaIntroductionMalaysia surmounts a landmass of 329,847 firm kilometers which consist of two regions peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo which are separated by the South mainland China Sea 1. With its population growth of 1.7% 1.6% per annum 2, Malaysia is heading to its governments fantasy to become a humane industrialized unpolished by social class 2020 and with such ambitious vi sion, the growth of Science and Technology is continuously maturation hence contributing to increase need of cypher 3.Malaysia relies on non-renewable ability and is currently venturing into renewable energy. There are a number of identify renewable energy sources for example solar advocator, hydro power, cover bay wreath biomass and waste materials 4 which are being used and further studies are being conducted to purify its quality and functioning.The usage of renewable energy has contributed to reduced pollutions to the environment, cost livery cheaper source of energy 5, and does not reduce the born(p) sources 6.As a developing country, Malaysias population keep opens to grow and live increasingly energy dependant lives the future of energy hand over is exploitation. This motif is revised the present potences of energy resources especially biomass and then the future contributions to the national energy generation in Malaysia.Information AnalysisEnergy crisis is becoming a serious threat to sustainability mainly in developing countries and communities of the last decades. Between 1990 and 2000, the Asia Pacifics developing countries met 27% increase in formulaic energy consumption whereas the consumption of reality energy was 11% 7. Growing in the energy quest is predicted to continue in the future. Fossil fuels have been the main source of energy since root sparks of technology appeared in mankind lives, however, depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as signifi spatet environmental impacts, leads the governments and authorities to focus on renewable energy resources. In most recent years, require for vegetable anoint-derived fuels is increasing as a result of grow in population and miserliness 8.The contemporary Malaysian economy is a net energy exporter with 11% of export income in 2004 derived from unrefined oil, LNG and bounderish oil products 9. The final energy demand of Malaysia is expected to grow at 2.9% per year, imageing 69.39 MTOE1 in 2020, nearly duple the 2002 level. The industry sector will have the lastest growth rate of energy demand at 3.38%, followed by transport at 2.74%, residential at 1.86% and commercial at 1.14%, as shown in Fig.1 10.Fig.1. Predictions of Malaysian energy demand by sector (1980-2020) 11Energy position in MalaysiaMalaysia put forwards and utilizes both conventional and renewable sources of energy. The largest conventional energy resource found in Malaysia is petroleum (i.e. oil and foul up). According to the Oil Gas Journal (OGJ), Malaysia held prove oil reserves of 4 billion barrels as of January 2010, and its oil reserves are reported to be the third highest in the Asia-Pacific region. Malaysia was the worlds tenth largest pallbearer of natural gas reserves in 2010 and the second largest exporter of liquefied natural gas after Qatar in 2009. OGJ states that Malaysia held 83 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2010. bl acken deposits eject as well as be found in Malaysia. However, unless a small fate is being mined 12.Malaysia is a signifi shtupt oil and natural gas producer and is strategically located amid important routes for the seaborne energy trade. Malaysias oil reserves are the third highest in the Asia-Pacific region after China and India.Fig.2. The electric power sacrificed by different sectors in Malaysia (in 2009) (Source trading economics) 13It is unequivocal that Malaysia is put away very much dependent on fossil fuels in all its commercial energy demand and electricity generation (Table 2). Table2. voice of electricity generation based on fuel types 14YearCoal (%)Petroleum (%)Gas (%)Hydro (%)19949.3022.3051.7016.70200015.005.0070.0010.00201018.002.0050.0030.00202029.001.0040.0030.00The most important sources supplies were crude oil and petroleum products and then followed by the natural gas. It can be stated that the full supply of energy is increased gradually from 1978 to 2013 (Fig.3). In 2013, the fortune of crude oil and petroleum products descending to under 10 % but the percentage of natural gas is ascending to just over 62 %. Although crude oil and petroleum had contributed the largest percentage of entire come in supply, an increase in the usage of sear and coke had reduced the annual growth rate of oil supply. The contribution of the other sources whereas had remained the same.The cost effective, quality, reliability, and security supply need to be considered to produce optimal energy mix from domestic sources. The internationalistic market price of crude oil is put uped to remain high so that alternative approaches need to be make to reduce the dependency on petroleum products.Fig.3. Fuel mix trend in power generation in Malaysia 15Renewable energy resourcesThe most important sources of renewable energy in Malaysia are biomass and solar and sustainable use of energy has been emphasized in the countrys development plans and supported b y Government initiatives. infra the 10th Malaysia Plan, the Government will be introducing the feed-in tariff ( setting) of 1% to be incorporated into the electricity tariffs of consumers to support the development of renewable energy (Fig.4).330 MWBiomassBiogasMini-hydrosolar PVSolid Waste100 MW290 MW65 MW200 MW41.523 X201520095.5 %% of total electricity generatedPlanned increase in renewable energy capacityFig.4. Moving towards renewable energy replaces the need for fossil-fuel power plants 16solar powerThe RE sector is fast gaining ground as a new growth region for many countries with the probable it presents environmentally and economically. It plays a major role in meeting energy needs, making it possible for businesses to reap energy cost savings while combating planetary warming. Currently, Malaysia is world the third largest producer of solar cells after China and Germany (Fig.5). Malaysia already has companies crosswise the entire value chain, from silicon production to solar cell manufacturing and mental faculty assembly.With the committed amount of fund for the rolling out of the first FiT incentive for 2012 2014, Malaysia is on the right statement to achieve a targeted tax of at least RM70 billion from the private sector by 2020.Fig.5. Predicted solar manufacturing from 2006 to 2020 by different regions 17Predicted to be a clean energy of the future, solar energy has been at the forefront of power development in the true countries and a possible source of energy for developing countries similar to Malaysia. This paper introduces Malaysias solar energy or solar photovoltaic development prospects. The subscribe to was carried out by first searching in the countrys energy policy linked to solar power. Key players in solar power development as government organizations are presented. Initial solar energy programs and strike projects entitled Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) and the successful initiatives will be submitted. Measures that adopted by the government of Malaysia include appealing incentives to promote solar photovoltaic development, solar energy potentials of the country, foreign investment and the future direction and the feed-in tariff plan will be submitted with a length come through a wide range of solar power development in Malaysia. The prospects were positive and the country was actively promoting solar as alternative energy sources and aware of the benefits it bring for economy development in future 18.HydropowerHydropower is the only renewable energy technology that is presently commercially viable on a large scale. It has four major advantages, namely it is renewable, it produces negligible amounts of babys room gases, it is the least costly way of storing large amounts of electricity, and it can easily mark the amount of electricity produced to the amount demanded by consumers.Hydropower accounts for slightly 17% of global generation capacity and approximately 20% of the en ergy produced each year 19.Malaysia has a total land mass of 332,000 km2 and its mean elevation is about 300m. The average rainfall is slightly more than 2,600mm per year. The total gross hydro potential is 414,000 GWh/year, of which about 85,000 GWh/year is available in Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, whilst Peninsular Malaysia has 39% of the land area, its share of hydropower resources is only slightly more than 20% 20.Tenaga Nasional Berhad operates deuce-ace hydroelectric schemes in the peninsular with an installed generating capacity of 1,911 megawatts (MW). They are the Sungai Perak (1249 MW), Terengganu (400 MW) and Cameron Highlands (262 MW) hydroelectric schemes with 21 dams in operation. A number of Independent Power Producers also own and operate several small hydro plants. At present, hydro power is the only renewable energy source in Malaysia that is considered to be economically viable on a large scale.As for future hydro development in Peninsular Malaysia, several projec ts have been identified and studied at feasibility and pre-feasibility levels. These potential projects have to compete with alternative energy sources such as coal and gas in terms of economic viability.WindThe potential for plagiarise energy generation in Malaysia depend on the availability of peak resource that varies with location. Understanding the site specific nature of tissue is a crucial step in planning braid energy project. minute knowledge of confidential information on site is needed to estimate the performance of malarkey energy project. Average wander speeds are low in Malaysia and harnessing wind energy is only practical on remote islands or east coast states of peninsular Malaysia where the wind may reach 30 knots or more during periods of strong surges of cold air from the north. 30 knots is equivalent weight to about 15.4 m/s, which is about 55 km/h. However, application of wind energy at Malaysia can be used widely if the turbine can operate in country a verage wind speed which is 3-5 m/s. There was some study 21 done successfully to produce the electricity that suitable with wind condition of Malaysia, classified as low wind speed wind turbine.The northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak region also potential to application of wind energy due to strength wind that reach 20 knot or more 22. Due to maximum wind can be obtained during monsoon season which is between Octobers to March, the hybrid system of wind energy is feasible to compliment electricity supply during monsoon season. The first wind farm in Malaysia was set up on Terumbu Layang-Layang Island, Sabah. A Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia study in 2005 has shown that the use of 150 kW turbine on the island has shown a salutary degree of success 23. This study mentioned that Terumbu Layang-Layang Island has the largest wind energy potential compared to other places in Malaysia.Tidal energy is also promising renewable energy source available in Malaysia. Until recently, a prelimin ary study was carried out to explore the potential of ocean energy for electricity generation in Malaysia 24. Study by Ref. 25, identified that Pulau Jambangan, Kota Belud and Sibu are the locations with abundant potential for tidal energy extraction. The total amount of electricity that can be generated on those locations is about 14.5 GWh/year.BiomassNowadays, biomass is regarded as one of the primary sources of energy in the developing and developed countries. Malaysia with a large quantity of biomass waste as a source of power generation is considered as one of the possible countries in this area 26.Oil palm is one of the main economic plants in the large number of countries. Malaysia alone generates about 47% of the global palm-oil supplies and can be regarded as the worlds leading manufacturer and exporter of oil palm. Malaysia also produces great quantities the oil palm biomass as oil coconut stems, oil palm leaves, blank product bundles, shells and fibres as waste from palm -oil product harvesting and oil extraction treatment. At now there is a constantly growing interest in the use the oil palm biomass of the source of speckless energy. One of the main interests is hydrogen fuel from oil palm biomass. atomic number 1 from biomass is clean and effective source of energy and is expected to make a major role in the future energy needs because of the raw material availability 27. There are different types of thermo-chemical processing to convert the oil palm biomass to hydrogen wealthy petrol.Fig. 6 shows the cultivated area for oil palm in Malaysia (divided into three categories, i.e. Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak) within 34 years. The total oil palm planted area in the country increased by 4.5% to 4.69 one thousand thousand ha in 2009 28. In Sabah and Sarawak, the drastic increase in the 1990s can be attributed to the government policy in the intensification of palm oil industries in East Malaysia 29. Malaysia produces about 15 million metric tonnes of palm oil per year. One tonne produces about 414 kg of biodiesel. With a thermal value of about 40,000 kJ/kg, this results in a total energy supply of about 7.8 GW/year from palm oil. gracious areas for oil palm in Malaysia.jpgFig.6. Cultivated areas for oil palm in Malaysia, 1975-2009 22While the total energy available from remnants and landfill gas has been estimated as 3.1 GW 30. major culture crop in Malaysia are oil palm (43.67%), guard (30.56%), rice (12.68%),cocoa (6.75%) and coconut (6.34%). These provide Malaysia huge of biomass resources. In fact, government of Malaysia has announced the 5th Fuel Policy that states To supplement the conventional supply of energy, new sources such as renewable energy will be encouraged and biomass resources such as oil palm and wood waste as well as rice husks, will be used on a wider basis mainly for electricity generation 31. Currently, residue from agriculture crops like paddy, rubber and sugar are use as fuel for generati on of electricity in Malaysia apply the cogeneration system. However, the percentage of using this residue for electricity generation is still low. Biomass residues are the main source of energy input to the mills using cogeneration system. It has been estimated the total biomass energy potential is equivalent to 2-3% of total power production in the country 32. piece from 33, about 14 mills already used agriculture waste for energy demand, both for steam and electricity with total capacity amount 1567.2 MW. The increasing amount of paddy production make highly potential in CHP technology to convert the paddy husk residue for energy purpose.Around 20% of paddy is husk, rice husk in turn contains 16-22% ash, and 90-96% of the ash is composed of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2). According to 34, by 2020 Malaysia will produce 768,290 tonnes of rice husk. As refer to 35, 1.5 kg of rice husk can generate 1 kWh, this mean by 2020 Malaysia can produce 512 TWh using rice husk residue. Some example of cogeneration project based on rice husk installed in Pendang Kedah Darulaman, which uses a steam kettle hole, 6.5 tonnes/h, 30 bar, saturated, machine-accessible to a 450 kW back pressure turbine and heat exchanger 36. electrical energy produces use for their owned consumption. Other example of rice husk project cogeneration that connected to system grid is installed at Titi Serong Rice loiter 37.In Malaysia, the annual production of sugarcane bagasse reaches a number of million tonnes 38. Nearly 30% of that number will turn into bagasse when it is crushed in a sugar factory 39. Sugarcane baggase is the fibrous waste that corpse after recovery of sugar juice via crushing and extraction. A ton of bagasse (50% mill-wet basis) is equal to 1.6 barrels of fuel oil on energy basis. The total of sugarcane energy content on dry basis, excluding ash (around 2-3% of weight) can be divided into three main parts. Malaysia produces 274,620 tonnes of sugarcane for 2009, with a mois ture content of 50%. This means we can get 150,000 tonnes of dry bagasse annually.The caloric value for dry bagasse comes to be 17.33 MJ/kg, which make to total energy potential of 0.421 million boe per year. At the time, all the bagasse is being used as boiler fuels in sugar mills operating in the country. Most agriculture crops in Malaysia can be used to generate electricity. If all crops are fully utilize can help reduce the dependency on fossil fuel sources.ConclusionBiomass could be Remarkable as a stable and suitable replacement for fossil energy in Malaysia that cover appropriates 76% of land by thick and compact kind of tropical agricultural and forest.Currently, high motivation of biomass consumption in auberge to generate energy, sustainability of bio-sources, economic impact and environmental aspects are considered. Therefore, improving technologies related to bio-power and bio-fuel is continued. cycle and using residues of forest and agriculture are valued in order to convert to useful energy and by product. Establishing biomass projects such as CDM by Malaysian Government is prominent in order to allocate aid to this kind of projects.Allocated subsidy is one common way of support biomass project. However, still there are many obstacles such as , knowledge development of biomass in Malaysia, risky situation for applying new technology, cost-benefit with financial indicators in comparing with conventional energy, energy demand in market place, speed of commercialization, feasibility of knowledge transferring, and the policies of government still are not successful to persuade and encourage industries to use biomass and efficient communication and negotiation with suitable scheme including integration, alignment and balancing situation between government and industries concern based on win-win is considered.Outlook of using biomass depends on the total cost of producing biomass energy in compared with fossil fuels. Using biomass instead of fossi l energy with the change magnitude cost of biomass is achievable and it can respect to environment.