Secretors and Non-secretors Disease Susceptibility

Secretors and Non- undercoverors Disease clevernessHuman nation plunder be categorized into secretery organs and non-secretors based on A, B and H antigen on basis of charge or absence seizure of these melodic line assembly antigens in the dust fluids and secretions, such(prenominal) as expectoration, sweat, tears, semen, air serum, mucus fuck off in the digestive tr venture or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors argon man-to-mans that disguise channel sepa reckon antigens in their body fluids while non-secretors ar the individuals that do non issue them in their body fluids and secretions.It is a known make itrence that indi cistron blood emblem is controlled by blood fictional character steganography ing departureients stand for on the chromosome 9q34 but the secretor location of an individual is contumacious by inter natural action of a separate broker (called secreting element) with these blood eccentric soulfulness factors. The presence of the secreting cistron in a persons genome makes him a secretor and absence makes him a non secretor. The constituent is designated as (Se) for Secretors and (se) for Non-secretors and it is entirely independent of the blood subject A, B, AB or O. The individuals secreting antigens in the body fluid argon designated as ABH secretors in blood banks. Individuals having O blood convention secrete antigen H, A blood multitude secrete A and H antigens, B blood conference secrete B and H antigens in the fluids.A secretor gene helps a person to gain a degree of surety against divers(prenominal) environmental conditions especially the small flora of a peculiar(prenominal) environment and as well the lectins break in them. It helps them in promoting the growth of friendly, steadfast blood type in campaigninal bacterial ecosystem which depends on the blood type antigens act in the mucus of an individual. Secretor status does modify carbohydrates in the fluids give in in the b ody and their secretions and it alike affects and processs the attachment and persistence of the micro flora present in the body. Secretors be at a amply expediency than non-secretors. Non-secretors fox a potential health disadvantage. They possess umteen metabolic traits such as carbohydrate intolerance, immune susceptibilities. Different tests atomic number 18 available for determine an individuals secretor status. Most common test uses saliva or other body fluids of an individual for testing the secretor status. These tests atomic number 18 based on the principle of agglutinating action Inhibition where the antigens are change by the corresponding antibodies so that these antibodies will not be foster be available to neutralize or agglutinate the same antigens residing on the red blood cells. ELISA could as well be used for determining the presence of the secreted Lewis antigens in the saliva or other body fluids.The allelomorphs Se and se differ in the frequency and control an anthropological value. They occur in different frequency in different peoples. They al confused a high frequency in the American Indiana and a grim frequency in the southern Indians. In US 20% of the population is secretors whereas 80% of the population consist of non-secretors. The fusion allele of the FUT2 (secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase) gene at a high frequency and a new se385 allele in a Korean populationSECRETOR AND NON-SECRETORA person secreting blood group antigens into the body fluids and other secretions like saliva, semen, tear, mucous in the digestive tract and respiratory cavities are named as secretors. In akin(predicate) terms they put their blood type antigens in the body fluids. They secrete antigens according to their blood type, A secrete antigen A and H, B secret antigen B and H, O secrete antigen O and AB secrete A, B and H antigen. Secretors establishes Lewis b (Leb) antigens on the erythrocyte where as non-secretor posites L ewis a (Le a) on their RBC.These antigens in the body fluids give additional apology to the individual against the discordant microorganisms and the lectins present all around us.15- 20% of the population consists of non-secretor. These individual break to secrete the blood group antigens in their body fluids hence they grow susceptible to bacterial and superficial yeast transmissions. A immense no of them somemultiplication overly suffer from the autoimmune disorder. This could also be fit with the secretor and non-secretor phenotype. The body secretions of secretors and non-secretors differ quantitatively and also qualitatively. The type and cadence of the antigens present in it differ among different individuals. In some cases the non-secretors may harbor the A and B antigens in the saliva but the measurement is less and even quality is rattling low hence they mother similar functional problem.There are certain(a) properties which are special for secretors and dif fer in non-secretors. Some are listed belowIntestinal saltlike phosphatase activityABH secretor correlates the activity of alcalescent phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase present in the intestine. Non-secretors hurt low activity of alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase which is responsible for the breakdown of fat and assimilate calcium. Low molecular tipiness alkaline is present in both secretors and non-secretors and high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase is present only is secretors. bacteriuml floraThe ABH blood types influence the population of bacteria residing in the local vicinity of the gut mucin glycoproteins. Bacteria produce enzymes that have the capability to degrade the end scraping of A, B, and H blood antigens and which are consumed as food by them. The B antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to remove the end alpha-D-galactose and A antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to detach N-acetylgalactosamine which are used as a incep tion of food by them.Blood clottingThe secretor and the ABO genetics influence each other and essence upto 60% of the vWf parsimoniousness innovation in plasma. Raised levels of cipher eighter from Decatur and vWf may cause thrombotic and emotional state indisposition in future. Secretors have the slowest clotting time, thinnest blood, least trend of platelet aggregation, low amount of factor cardinal and von Willebrand factor (vWf). The non-secretors have highest clotting time, thick blood, high amount of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWf) and low bleeding time. The blood viscosity is also influenced by the secretor status of that individual.Phenotype LewisCharacteristics of ClottingLe (a- b-) maximum action of factor VIII and vWfVery Low bleeding times (seen in A, B and AB)Le (a+ b-) intermediary actionLow bleeding times (seen in O)Le (a- b+) minimum action of factor VIII and vWfVery Long bleeding times (seen in O)Blood cause Lewis and Factors effect Blood Clo ttingImmunoglobulin VariationsABH non-secretors express low denseness of IgG immunoglobulin. The secretion of varying concentration of diverse constituents of the blood group is controlled by the secretor gene and it also affects the phagocytic activity of the leucocytes which houses an added advantage to the non-secretors. The leucocytes of the non-secretors possess a greater ingestion power when compared to the secretors. The O and B blood group non-secretors have the highest phagocytic activity.The presence of different concentration of anti-I in the an individuals serum is affect by the ABO group, secretor status and sex of the individual. The secretors females have a high level of anti-I in the serum as compared to the males. The non-secretor have low levels of IgA and IgG antibodies and hence have frequent problems with the heart valve.Genetics and Biochemical pathwaysThe secretion of the blood group antigens in the body fluids and other secretions are genetically influence d by certain allelomorphic genes. Secretor gene deports two alleles (Se) and (se). The dominant gene Se is present in the homozygous or heterozygous condition in the secretors which threesome to the secretion of antigens into the body fluids. se is recessive allele and is present in non-secretors in the homozygous condition. SeSe and seSe produces a dominant secretor phenotype and sese produces a recessive non-secretor phenotype.Basically three genes are responsible for the governance of the A and B antigens. They are namely ABO, Hh, and Sese genes encoding glycosyltransferases which produces the A and B antigens. H antigen present in the individual with O blood group is the harbinger for the urinateation of A and B antigens. H antigen act as a backbone for A and B antigens. The O gene is considered as amorphic. The allele Hh and Sese reside on each locus and are closely link to pop outher. It is also suggested that one of the allele has arisen by the gene duplication of the ot her. The second allele on the same locus is really rare. The product think to this allele hasnt been discovered yet and hence it is considered as amorph.The oligosaccharide responsible for the formation of the A and B antigen can exist in a artless linear fashion or a complex branched fashion. Infants A, B and H antigens contain high amount of linear arrange oligosaccharide whereas oligosaccharides present in an adult contain high amount of branched chained oligosaccharidesThe A and B antigen is synthesized from a common intermediate known as heart H. The conversion is carried out by the addition of a sugar molecule to the non reducing end of the H oligosaccharide chains. This addition affects the reactivity of H antigen.The ABH substances are secreted in the Urinary respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract by mucous glands residing there. The secretor gene regulates the synthesis of blood group antigens in the glands of small intestinal mucosa. The secretors and non-secretors produce A and B substances which are essentially glycoproteins in pylorus and Brunners glands and produce A and B substances those are meltable in alcohol and glycosphingolipids in nature.The secretors also produce ABH substances in the prostate and wet mammary glands. The secretion of breast is rich in H substance but poor in substance A and virtually disappear in substance B. The synthesis of these constituents in the pancreas and secretory cells of sweat gland is not controlled by the secretor gene. The blood groups substances were also found in the calyxes and collecting tubules of the secretors (Se) but it could not be concluded that whether they are produced by the kidneys or are generally excreted. These secretions were noticed in the eight to baseball club weeks old salivary glands and stomach and later it appears throughout the gastrointestinal tract.Glycosphingolipids carrying the A or B oligosaccharides are present on the membranes of RBCs, epithelial and endothelia l cells and are also present in the plasma in the soluble form. The glycoproteins carrying the similar A and B oligosaccharides are responsible for their activity in the body fluids. In the body fluids they are present in the secreted form. The A and B oligosaccharides which do not contain the carrier proteins are present in the milk and urine.The chromosome 19 containsFUT 1 and FUT 2 genes which code for fucosyltransferase. FUT genes fleshed from 1-7 and form clusters which are responsible for the production of enzymes called as fucosyltranferases. The cluster is located on chromosome 19q13.3. Fucosyltranferase helps in the formation of fucose moiety which is added to the H antigen and further gylcosylate the A or/and B antigens.H antigen is a basic blood group antigen present in each and every human being but the guinea pig varies in different individuals of the same ABO group. A general course indicates that its strength varies as OA2A2BBA1A1B. Water soluble H antigen has been demonstrated in the saliva and the body fluids of the individuals.H antigens are fucose containing glycan units which are present on the glycolipids or glycoproteins residing on the erythrocytes membrane or in the secretions. The fucosylatedglycans are the substrate for the enzyme glycosytransferases that are responsible for the formation of the Lewis and A, B blood group antigen epitopes.Secretors contain both the alleles whereas non secretor contains the null allele for FUT2 gene. The FUT 2 gene codes for fucosyltranferaseenzyme in the exocrine gland tissues which choke to formation of antigens in the body secretions and body fluids.The A and B genes produce glycosyltranferase that add sugar to oligosaccharide chains that is converted to H antigen. The H antigen are constructed on the oligosaccharide chain. The oligosaccharide chains could be of two type typeface 1 and type 2. The glycosphingolipids present in the plasma and on the membranes of glandular and parenchymal cells and glycoproteins present on the cell surfaces or body fluids carry both the type 1 or type 2 chains. The glycolipids antigens present on the RBC contain type 2 chains.A gene encodes N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase and B gene-encodes galactosaminyl-transferase and add GalNAc andGal in alpha (1-3) linkages which is acts on the H gene transferase. The H gene produces fucosyltransferase that add fucose to the terminal Galactose molecule of type 2 chain. It forms an alpha (1-2) linkage. A and B antigens are constructed when the A and B transferases attach respective sugars to the type 1 or type 2 chain substituted with Fucose.The secretor gene FUT2 located at 19q13.3 and codes for the activity of the glycosyltransferasesin design with the FUT1 gene coding for H antigen, needed to assemble both the ABO and Lewis blood group and are active in mucous gland and goblet cells which interact with each other and lead to secretions of antigens in the fluids.The manner patterns of both the genes are different. The FUT1 (H) gene is dominantly expressed in the erythroid tissues which lead to the formation of the H enzyme whereas the FUT2 (secretor) gene is expressed in the secretory tissues and lead to the formation of secretor enzyme. The product of the H enzyme or H gene resides on the erythrocytes and product of secretor gene resides on mucins in secretions.If an individual lack these alleles, he/she will not be able to express the above active enzymes indeed they would be deficient of the substrates which are mandatory by the A or B glycosyltransferases. Therefore they would not express the A and B epitopes.Correlation surrounded by Lewis Phenotype and ABH Secretor statusThe Lewis typewrite also helps in finding the ABH secretor status. The production of Lewis antigens is genetically controlled. Individuals possessing the Lewis (Le) gene would produce the Lewis antigens which are carried in the plasma by different substances and are absorbed onto the Red blood C ells present in ones blood.The ABO determinants and H/h blood groups factors seem to show structurally corelation to Lewis blood determinants. FUT1 provide the glycans for glycosyltransferases which convert Lewis antigen to ABH antigens. FUT2 allele is expressed in the secretor and is responsible for the feel of type1 H determinant.The secretors convert their Lewis a antigen to Lewis b therefore they are (a-b+) and the non-secretor are (a+b-) as they lack the FUT2 responsible for glycosyltransferase which could convert Lewis a antigen to Lewis b antigen.Lewis (Le) gene and Secreting (Se) gene interact with each other. Initially Lewisais formed and if Se gene is absent in an individual the Lewisa substance is absorbed on the RBC and the individual is typed as Lewisa but in secretors the Se gene controls the activating of the H gene which causes addition of an additional sugar to Lewisa which convert it to Lewisb. Secretors contain both Lewisa and Lewisb in their plasma but absorb L ewisb preferentially on the red blood cells and the individual is typed as Lewisb.Hence we could interpret that presence of Lewis gene would type an individual as Lewisa positive or Lewisb prejudicious or vice versa. An individual could not be positive for both. A person containing both Lewis gene and Secreting gene are typed as Lewisa invalidating and Lewisb positive whereas a person having the Lewis gene but not the secretor gene is typed as Lewisa positive and Lewisb negative. Individual who does not have Lewis gene regardless of secretor gene is typed as Lewisa negative and Lewisb negative.Note Lewis picture Negative (LDN) is a sub type of non secretors but Lewis typing cannot be used for them to determine the ABH secretor status.Detection methodsThe presence and absence of the antigens in the body fluids could be detected by Agglutination Inhibition and Lewis typing.Agglutination Inhibition test could be divided into two parts- crack up I Antibody NeutralizationTo determini ng ones secretor status, the saliva of the individual is fuse by the antiserum (Anti-A, Anti-B or Anti-H) available commercially. In secretors the soluble substances i.e. blood group antigens will react with the antibodies present in the antiserum and will get neutralized. fork II Agglutination InhibitionThe bed blood cells obtained commercially are added to the test mixture. In secretors agglutination of the RBC do not worry place as no barren antibodies are available to agglutinate them. All the antibodies have reacted with the soluble antigens present in the saliva whereas in non-secretors agglutination would occur upon addition of the RBC as no blood group antigens are present in the saliva so antibodies present in the antiserum are not neutralized and hence would be free to react with the test RBC cells which are added to the test mixture. Hence agglutination is a negative test for secretor status and positive test for the non-secretor status.Note Anti-H lectin containing p hytohaemagglutinin virtually specific for human RBC. Thirteen Cucurbitaceaespecies have been investigated for the anti-H activity present in their seed lectins. Lectins has been extracted and purified from Ulexeuropaeus seeds. It could be used to demonstrate the H secretor status of blood group O individual and also for subgrouping the blood group A individuals.Lewis typingIndividuals carrying the Lewis gene produce Lewis antigens that are carried by the plasma and are also adsorbed on the red blood cells. Lewis antigens do not reside only on the red blood cells. Initially the gene gives rise to Lewisa. If Se gene is present it activates H gene which interact with the Lewisa and add a sugar to Lewisa and hence get converted it to Lewisb. Both Lewisa and Lewisb in present in the plasma of the secretors. If the Se gene is not present then the Lewisa substance is adsorbed on the red cells and individuals are typed as Lewisa.The secretor status of an individual could be refractory with help of Lewisa and Lewisb antibodies mixed with an individuals saliva and observing the agglutination macroscopically.Disease Susceptibility among Secretors and Non-secretorsDigestive systemNon-secretors are more habituated to the diseases caused by the viva voce bacteria in the digestive system of an individual. It includes ulcers, celiac diseases stomachic carcinoma insidious anemia etc. It could lead to dysplasia or increase in the number of cavities present in the digestive tract. Non-secretors are less resistant to the infection caused by Helicobacter pylori which could lead to the formation of peptic and duodenal ulcers. It could easily colonise and cause inflammation in the non-secretors. The non-secretors lack the blood group antigens in the mucus secretions therefore H.pylori attach to the walls of the digestive tract and cause infection. The secretors have a tendency to secrete free ABH antigens in their intestinal secretions which effect the bacterial and lectins adh erence to the microvilli present in the gut. The secretors produce these antigens and prevent H.pylori attachment. These antigens act as a decoy in the secretors which prevent them from attaching with the host tissues. The non-secretors also show a lower IgG immune response to the H.pylori. They have extreme rate of bleeding and stomach ulcers but correlation mingled with these complications and the secretor status have not been documented yet. The non-secretors are not able to turn off the digestive enzymes and hence they produce large amount of enzyme pepsin and hence are more prone to duodenal ulcers. 50% of the duodenal ulcers are present in non-secretors. 30-40% of group O individuals are bear on by the duodenal ulcers and 15- 20 % are impact by the gastric ulcers. They show a high venture factor along with the gene coding for hyperpepsinogenemia I which impact in the risk of duodenal ulcers. Group A individuals have a higher tendency of having gastric cancer and foul anem ia. Statistics shows that 20% of the group A individuals are affected by gastric cancers and 25% are affected by the pernicious anemia.Oral pathologyThe non-secretors are more prone to oral diseases like communicate and esophagus cancer, epithelial dysplasia etc. They have more cavities than secretors.DiabetesThe ABH non-secretors and Lewis negative (Le a-b-) individuals have a high risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes or complications arising from diabetes. Secretors with new-fashioned diabetes have a low chance of developing retinopathy. The ABH non secretors which are affected by insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, they show mean levels of C3c and C4 is lower as compared to ABH secretors.metabolous Syndrome XThe Lewis negative men are predisposing to syndrome X and prothrombic metabolism. They have high levels of BMI, SBP, triglycerides and low levels of insulin in serum and plasma glucose while fasting. This relationship is not true for women and is only applicable f or the men.Respiratory SystemSecretors have an added protection against the harmful environmental assaults directed towards our lungs and as usual non-secretors have a health disadvantage. They are over represented among the people crucifixion from grippe viruses A and B, rhinoviruses, respiratory synsytial virus and echinoviruses. The secretors who are miners or smokers do amaze a protection against the disastrous effects of the cigarette smoking. Asthma is very common among the individuals working in the coal mines. Upon research it was concluded that asthma attack among them is also related to the non-secretor phenotype present in them. The non-secretor has a tendency to snore and are more prone to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).Heart diseaseThe ABH non-secretor phenotype have a high risk of developing myocardial infarction and Lewis negative individuals have a high risk of developing inveterate heart disease (CHD) and also ischemic heart disease (IHD). They co ntain high levels of triglycerides. alcoholic drinkism has a positive interaction with the Lewis negative individuals. Alcohol consumption is protective in these individuals.Autoimmune DiseaseAutoimmune disorders such as Sjogrens syndrome, spondylitis, sclerosis, arthropathy, arthritis, and Graves disease are more prone in non-secretors. The ABH non-secretors affected with graves disease produces high levels of antitubulin antibodies as compared to secretors and are ineffectual to produce the water soluble glycoproteins in the saliva.Fetal Loss and sterilenessABO antigens are also found on the sperm of the secretors. These are obtained from the seminal secretions present in them. ABO incompatibility could exist between the wife and husband if could affect the fertility of an individual. This issue has not been decently studied and is therefore under research.Rheumatic FeverThe secretors and group O individuals are resistant to Rheumatic fever and more number of cases have been re corded in the non-secretors. Secretor status could also determine whether the rheumatic fever would be followed by streptococcal pharyngitis or not.Neisseria speciesThe non-secretors who do not produce water soluble antigens in the saliva are at the risk of getting infected by Neisseria meningcococcal disease. The immune capabilities of the secretor provide a relative protection in the secretors. The ABH non-secretors produce low level of anti-meningococcal salivary IgM antibodies which provide protection to the secretors against the microorganism.Candida speciesNon-secretors are barriers of candida species and therefore are frequently affected by the candida infections. The glycocompounds secreted by secretors in the body fluids inhibit adhesins present on the yeast which are responsible for their bond paper with the body tissues. This leads to the development of the chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis. Statistics shows that 68% on the non-secretors are affected by chronic hyperplas tic candidiasis. Non-secretor women are affected by recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis. An individual with a combination of non-secretors and absence of Lewis gene are at relative risk of developing recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis.Tumor MarkersThe individuals with homozygous active Le alleles (Le/Le) and inactive (se/se) alleles shows a highest mean value of CA19-9 tumour score. The Lewis negative individuals irrespective of Se genotype have negative set for CA19-9. The Lewis negative individuals have higher mean value for DU PAN-2 as compared to Le-positive individuals. We can conclude that CA 19-9 marker is not an appropriate tumor marker for Le-negative individuals but DU-PAN-9 is an appropriate tumor marker.UTINon-secretors show a higher risk of getting recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal scars as compared to secretors. This susceptibility is higher among negative Lewis subset. Statistics of a study done on women affected with recurrent urinary tract infection stated that 29% of the non-secretor women were affected by UTI and 26% of Lewis (a-b-) women were affected by the UTI. The non-secretor phenotype and blood group B and AB phenotype work together to increase the risk of UTI among women. Women and children suffering from renal scarring with and without the antibiotic treatment for UTI are prone to UTI and pyelonephritis. 55-60% of non-secretors develop renal scars and 16% on secretors develop renal scars. C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and body temperature are higher in the non-secretors that in secretors with recurrent UTI. inductionIt concludes that there exist a statistical association between the individuals blood-group secretor phenotype and the diseases they are susceptible to. So knowing your secretor status is positive as we can use the nutritional supplements more intelligently and effectively. It also makes us aware of the diseases, illness and metabolic dysfunction we are prone to, difference in the levels of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, propensities towards blood clotting, tumor markers and different ingredients of breast milk so that we can manage them before excrete and would be prepared for them in the near future.